Analyzing Brain Function Using Voxel -based Morphometric...

Analyzing brain Function Using Voxel –Based Morphometric Scanning Method A recent study shows, two groups of students, one group is comprised of 21 art students, and the other group consisted of 23 non artists. The process used to analyze brain function is known as voxel –based morphometric scanning method. The first group observed, was the artists group. They two variables of interest that were observed, was their drawing ability. This encompasses their overall ability to construct 3 dimensional objects, and draw them with 3D perspective, to include a viewpoint, edges, and corners. (See figure 2) The other interest of area studied, was whether the participant was an art student, or belonged to the group that belonged to the art group. The art students, and non- art students were shown to have large differences. The research concluded that the group of students that were artists, had a substantially more mass or gray matter in the parietal lobe’s peroneus area. According to Chamberlain, this part of the brain I most likely inked to creativi ty and visual imagery. This part of the brain helps the artist to manipulate objects in their brain, and help them to take it apart in order to understand its basic foundations. When comparing these two groups, according to ( Makuuchi et al. (2003), Miall et al. (2009) and Schlegal et al(2012) , research shows that the regions of the brain that are associated with visual-spatial and motor processing, are shown to be not only

Essay The Current Status of Medical Marijuana - 1929 Words

In the year 2008, Michigan voted in the use of marijuana for medical purposes. I will be exploring two papers, the first is Prohibition Works: Keeping Marijuana Illegal, the second is Legalization of Marijuana. In the paper Prohibition Works the author discusses numerous reasons marijuana should be kept illegal, and the second paper Legalization of Marijuana the author makes many valid points on why marijuana should be legalized for medical use. Michigan now joins 15 other states that have passed laws for consumption of marijuana for medical purposes. Both marijuana and medical marijuana are the same substance. In this paper I will discuss how the federal government views the use of marijuana, how doctors argue their case whether they are†¦show more content†¦WebMD has an article that lists the psychological effects of marijuana over a short time are: paranoia, time distortion, anxiety, depression random thoughts, and memory loss. There is also withdrawal in some patients ca n include: appetite loss, anxiety, depression, and aggression (Amal Chakraburtty, 2010). These side effects hold true to users of marijuana whether they use it legally with the medical marijuana card or if they are using this drug without the medical marijuana card. The federal government does not seem to be changing their laws when it comes to marijuana. Andre Kratzer makes reference to some doctors that believe marijuana is good for pain reduction, it can increase appetite, and calms down nausea (Kratzer, 2004). Even though some of the side effects are negative doctors look at the negatives and positives and weigh them out. If the positive effects are more of a benefit than the negative then they will suggest medical marijuana for that patient. The list for benefits of marijuana include but are not limited to cancer patients being treated with chemotherapy, AIDS patients that have lost their appetite, it is also said to be helpful in the relief of pain for MS patients, along with helping to slow the progression of glaucoma. However, doctors that are against the use of marijuana look at the bad side effects and decide that there is no medicalShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Marijuan The Blunt Truth1461 Words   |  6 PagesBlunt Truth When we imagine the uses of marijuana, we see the dazed hippies of the 1960s and 70’s, but really the first written record of cannabis goes back to 2727 B.C. by Chinese Emperor Shen Nung and it has been dated through almost every historic time. Not only was cannabis used for recreational and medicinal properties, but hemp was also used for cloth and textiles, paper, soap and hygiene products, food, and even industrial products such as fuel. Marijuana is not just the idolized drug mentionedRead MoreMedical Marijuana Should Not Be Banned1439 Words   |  6 Pageshomes? Medical marijuana is a common phenomenon that is acceptable in more than half of the 50 states. Individuals of all ages are affected by the new regulations of the once illegal substance and exposed more than one might think. Marijuana is introduced through schools by peers as a parent struggles to ensure their child will maintain an effective future. This particular drug is dangerous and can have intense effects to the body. To reduce the exposure of the harmful effects of marijuana, physiciansRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1311 Words   |  6 Pagesotherwise known as Marijuana, is illegal in most parts of the world including the United States. However, the drug is now gaining acceptance worldwide as evidenced by the number of countries that are reducing or lifting penalties for possession of small amounts of marijuana. In the United States, there are a growing number of Americans demanding that marijuana be legalized medically. Although the federal government is presently opposed to legalizing marijuana, its legal status is changing on a stateRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1405 Words   |  6 Pageslegalization of marijuana in the United States is on an upward trend, although, there is much uncertainty if and when we will see National legalization. Legalizing marijuana will have a positive effect on crime, politics, the economy, and provide many health benefits. The negat ive effects of marijuana being classified as a schedule 1 controlled substance are numerous, including racial profiling and users being labeled as deviant. One of those most prolific findings is that in states where marijuana is legalRead MoreLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage800 Words   |  4 PagesLegalization of Marijuana for Medicinal Usage The legalization of marijuana for medical purposes is a question that seems to be scourging many states. Have you ever experience excruciating pain? Or have you ever witnessed someone suffering from agonizing morning sickness? Then still there are those that feel plagued with the chronic arthritis pain, or the nausea and vomiting, which often accompany chemotherapy. These individuals would welcome the use of marijuana for medicinal usage. Medical marijuanaRead MoreMedical Marijuana Is A Drug Misunderstood By Many Nation Wide1507 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana is a drug misunderstood by many nation wide however, most people do not consider it s legitimate medicinal application. Medical marijuana defined by Drugfacts refers to the use of the whole unprocessed plant to treat a disease or illness. The Drug Enforcement Administration has listed it under the schedule I classification which is the same classification that heroin, LSD, ecstasy and many other drugs are under. The clas sification identifies the drug as a dangerous substance that hasRead MoreIssue on Marijuana Essay example658 Words   |  3 PagesLegalization of Marijuana in the United States is an ongoing topic that has been going on for several years. There are vast majority of Americans who are for this move and against this move. While each side has several good arguments to defend their case, neither one has a distinct advantage over the other. I will be going over several arguments or point of views as well will have several facts about the effects of Marijuana whether it is good or bad. Marijuana is a very prominent and controversialRead MoreThe War Over Marijuana1862 Words   |  7 Pagesrogue elephant in the game room everyone running for president pretends not to see. (Steigerwald) The present works aim is to analyze the concerns which revolve around the marijuana state and federal legalization debate, with special emphasis on its positive outcomes. The majority of clinical research studies concerning marijuana use and its effects unravel the uncertainty which surrounds the subject and present the common pattern of insisting that further clinical enquiry is necessary. MeasurableRead MoreEssay about Should We Legalize Marijuana in Canada?1081 Words   |  5 PagesTo Legalize or to Not Legalize: The Debate Behind Marijuana in Canada The legalization of marijuana is an issue that consistently discussed and debated, not only in North America, but throughout the entire world. Despite being illegal in every country, marijuana remains the most widely used illicit drug in the world. The popularity of this drug is the cause for the continuous legalization debate, resulting in various legislations pertaining to the consumption of the substance. Every country hasRead MorePublic Health Effects Of Medical Marijuana1368 Words   |  6 PagesPublic Health Effects of Medical Marijuana Legalization in Colorado Over the last few decades, the controversy over marijuana has been heightened, specifically in the last decade or so, with the legalization of medicinal and recreational marijuana for parts of the United States. Now with increasing acceptance and with its counterpart scrutiny, research is being implemented to analyze whether the benefits truly outweigh the possible health effects to individuals and communities. In this article

Brachytherapy Source Calibration

Question: Discuss about theBrachytherapy Source Calibration. Answer: Dose Combination polarity is the application of both polarities ( i.e., negative and positive for the dose in Electrometer. This makes it easier to determine and note the amount ionization of different dose at different media used be it water or Perspex. In this application we form a polar molecule when one part is positively charged while the other one has a negative charge, making it form electrical poles. In some cases, we can use water and ethanol to form a solution since both are a polar molecule(Jack Venselaar 2012, p. 112). Discussion The combination of radiography and visual picture verification very crucial in the experiment as it helped to know well-chamber ionization chamber integrity. During the expectation of radiography, there was no physical damaged noted. From our experiment, the leakage currents were recorded for the regular time of 10/(factor/100) of the well-ionization chamber of the average of 29.30nA from different readings. There was corrections elimination of the leakage current in the electrometer background during the AKS reading. The experiment was carried at a temperature of 20.80C and a pressure of 1019.7 Hpa(P Mayles 2007, p. 211). From these values we were able to calculate ptf as follows; Ptf={(temperature +273.15) * 1013}/(293.15*pressure ; Ptf={293.95*1013}/(293.15*1019.7 Ptf=297771.35/298925.055 Ptf=0.09961 We managed to calculate the amount of Air kerma strength as follows Air Kerma Strength= Average readings (A) *Nk*ptf*Pion Air kerma Strength=(29.30*0.09961*1.00*1.57) Air kerma Strength=4.582cGym2hr2 Chambers well-type ionization are made to have a high sensitivity to photons which are scattered, and it is very important to eliminate these contributions of scattered photons when readings are taken. In most cases, it is recorded that there is an overestimation of current by about 1.1% if only it is put close to the walls. And these effects increases when the well-ionization chamber is put on the floor. Our experiment we found our ion collection efficiency (Aion) to be 1.00 which is 100% and is taken to be perfect(Peter Hoskin 2011, p. 255). Our measured value is within the range of that in literature which is 98.9% for most welltype ionization types. The value of the collected current of ionization did not depend on the voltage sign of polarizing. The Air-kerma rate determined in our experiment using BDS 1000 in chambers of well-type ionization through cross-calibration which was calculated and found to be 4.582cGym2hr2 as seen above. Our calculated value is in the range of tolerance with the activity value which is 4.76 cGym2hr2 (Sonja Dieterich 2015, p. 342). We also managed to calculate the apparent Activity (Ci) as; (Ci)= Average reading* Nc*pion*ptf (Ci)= 29.3*3.85*1.00* 0.09961 (Ci)=11.23 Cl Literature value of Cl is given as 11.7 Cl , and from that we can get the percentage error ( deviation ) as For Air-kerma rate; (4.76-4.582)/ 4.76 = 0.178/4.76 0.037394*100; 3.739%. For apparent Activity (Ci) ; (11.7-11.23)/11.7. =0.47/11.7 =0.040170*100 =4.017% So for the both values of apparent Activity (Ci) and Air-kerma rate lie within the range of 5% as they have a tolerance of 3.379% and 4.017% respectively. The sensitivity of the well-type ionization chambers are affected by the by the volume and the source energy(Yves Lemoigne 2009, p. 342). Conclusion In conclusion, we were able to get more familiarized with the use and parts of farmer chambers in full-scatter photons. Good applicators adaptors and calibrations were used with commercial standard, for any reading the chamber must be connected to a sensitive PTW electrometer. We also realized that the chambers of welltype are the best for the calibration of high dose rate and pulsed dose rate. We also managed to know how to eliminate attenuations in the chambers of well-type ionization. They are made to have high sensitivity to photons which are scattered, and it is very important to eliminate these contributions of scattered photons when readings are taken(Sonja Dieterich 2015, p. 278). Bibliography Jack Venselaar, ASMDBPJH 2012, Comprehensive Brachytherapy: Physical and Clinical Aspects, Taylor Francis, Stoke. P Mayles, ANJCR 2007, Handbook of Radiotherapy Physics: Theory and Practice, CRC Press, Waashington. Peter Hoskin, CC 2011, Radiotherapy in Practice - Brachytherapy, OUP Oxford, London. Sonja Dieterich, EFDPJZ 2015, Practical Radiation Oncology Physics: A Companion to Gunderson and Tepper's Clinical Radiation Oncology, Elsevier Health Sciences, Beijing. Sun I. Kim, TSS 2007, World Congress of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Springer Science Business Medi, Tokyo. Yves Lemoigne, AC 2009, Radiotherapy and Brachytherapy, Springer Science Business Media, London.

Rugby School Essay Example

Rugby School Paper Salman Rushdie was born in Bombay, India to a Muslim family. At the age of fourteen Rushdie was sent to Rugby School in England. In 1964 Rushdies parents moved to Karachi, Pakistan. During this time there was a war between India and Pakistan, and the choosing of sides. Rushdie wrote his novel East, West based on the cultural similarities and difference and the relationship between east and the west. The theme of his work shows many connections, disruptions, migrations and shows the contrast between the religion, influence and identity between the Eastern and Western world. The first three stories are set in India; they involve the section titled East. In the short story The Free Radio Rushdie shows a comparison between the Indian society, its classes and its backwardness. The main priority of the Indian lower caste people being wanting to rise above all even if it means giving up their manhood. The story is about, a young boy, Ramani(symbolizes the Indian people) who is characterized as a teenage boy, and gets married to a thiefs widow(Indira Gandhi), who looks only for his downfall. Ramani, who is uneducated and is from the lower caste society, gives up his manhood in order to get a free radio which was promised, but never arrives. During the time of the Emergency (1975-1977) the basic rights and freedoms were taken away from the people. India had problems with over population hence, men were forced to give up their manhood (vasectomy) if not voluntarily then they will be forced to do so. We will write a custom essay sample on Rugby School specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rugby School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rugby School specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ramani in this case who did this voluntarily showed that the lower caste society would do anything for a little money or satisfaction, they also dont think about their actions and consequences and does things willingly and not ready to accept what they did was wrong. This proves that Indira Gandhi was trying to destroy the lower caste society since they werent of much use. This is an image of no unity among the people of India they did what they thought was best for them. They were so driven by the idea of having a free radio that didnt exist. The radio could also be a symbol of the unity of India. Since thats the only medium in which they can communicate. Since it wasnt possible to get the free radio it meant that it was never possible to achieve unity among the people. Ram always had the rare quality of total belief in his dreams, and there were times when his faith in the imaginary radio took us in, so that we half-believed it was really on its way, or even that it was already here, cupped invisibly against his ear as he rode his rickshaw around the streets of the town. (Rushdie. East, West. 27). This meant that there was a dream that was believed by everyone but for the benefit of one person everything could be destroyed. The tone of this story is like of a fable. He uses this tone because it was a way of showing what happened in India was wrong and it didnt do much good to people or the nation. And it is written in a way that he lets you decide if what happened was right or wrong. The diction and syntax in the stories of the east is that of an Indian lower class English that was influenced by the british and many words are derived from hindi/Arabic or Sanskrit like pukka.

Bigfoot Essay Research Paper Bigfoot Yeti and free essay sample

Bigfoot Essay, Research Paper Bigfoot, Yeti, and Sasquatch are all fabulous elephantine apes. The elephantine animate beings stand seven to nine pess tall and weigh between 600 and 900 lbs. The United States Bigfoot has been seen everyplace throughout the Northwestern portion of the United States. The Yeti is a elephantine ape thought to brood around the Himalayas, particularly near a town called Katmandu by Mount Everest. The Sasquatch is the elephantine ape thought to roll throughout Canada. These three animals are all fundamentally the same fabulous animal for the credence of being in separate countries of the Earth. There is small known information on these animate beings, but at that place have been many sightings. This is what makes this animal a phenomenon. Scientific grounds on Bigfoot footmarks is one of the few pieces, or difficult scientific grounds that tells scientists that there must be a Bigfoot out at that place. Footprints are the lone difficult grounds of Bigfoot because exposure can be staged, faked, or hoaxed. We will write a custom essay sample on Bigfoot Essay Research Paper Bigfoot Yeti and or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since most of the Bigfoot imprints are normally the same size, they can non be merely merely staged. In an attempt to turn out that large pes is in fact existent, many experts continue to seek to happen difficult, solid, scientific grounds to turn out the theory of the Bigfoot fable. There have been many sightings of Bigfoot, Sasquatch, and Yeti, but most of them are non really existent at all. There are the exceeding few that are said to be true. Peoples have been describing Bigfoot sighting in the US and Canada since 1884. Bigfoot got its name # 8220 ; Bigfoot # 8221 ; from a route crew working in Northwest California in 1958. Nighttime work at the work site attracted a large visitant, which the route crew nicknamed # 8220 ; Bigfoot # 8221 ; . They threw gasolene armored combat vehicles all around the site to seek to maintain the elephantine ape off and it did in fact leave. When the workers looked throughout the margin, they found elephantine manlike footmarks all over. This Bigfoot incident became national intelligence. Bigfoot is really a Bigfoot animal that lives throughout Canada. It has been seen chiefly around the Western seashore of Canada, but at that place have besides been a few Sasquatch sightings in the cardinal country of Canada. Many Native Americans in that country have seen this elephantine animate being # 8220 ; Sasquatch # 8221 ; as a God I n their civilization and society. They have been idolizing this fabulous ape for 100s of old ages. Many spying have been reported in Canada and the hunt for Sasquatch continues. Sightings of Yeti have been really abundant throughout Nepal and the Himalayan countries. The first credible study of Yeti was in 1925, when a Greek lensman, N.A. Tombazi, pointed out a animal traveling about at some lower inclines of the mountains. The unusual animate being was around a 1000 pess off in an country with an height of 1,500 pess. The unusual animate being looked much like a human because it walked unsloped and it on occasion stopped to pick some wild mountain berries. Tombazi knew that it was in fact an ape because it showed up dark against the snow in the country. That meant that it had to be an ape of some kind. When he told the townsfolk of Katmandu, the townsfolk told him that it was a elephantine ape, Yeti. Many scientists say that there is a really little opportunity of Bigfoot being. The ground for that determination is the fact that adult male keeps traveling into uninhabited parts of the state. Because of that, many experts feel that even if there was a Bigfoot, person would hold caught it on movie, or really taken a Bigfoot exposure that wasn # 8217 ; t a fraud. Ninety-eight per centum of all Bigfoot images or movie s are proven to be a fraud, and or trick picture taking. The other two per centum can non be figured out, but they can besides non be proven to be existent. Due to the Bigfoot phenomenon in this state, experts feel that there is no opportunity of any Bigfoot or giant, hairy, manlike animals in North America. In decision, Bigfoot, Sasquatch and Yeti are all myths, or great animals that have been worshipped by many different types of people throughout clip. These animate beings are a large portion of this universe because this fantastic animal fascinates people. Although many scientists say that there is no opportunity of a elephantine ape to be out at that place, some people still have a batch of hope. This is one of many myths that are unresolved enigmas. Will we of all time come up with a definite decision or truth when it comes to the being of the Bigfoot? We will merely larn more as clip progresses. Until so, the worlds of the universe remain intrigued, and confused about what to believe.

buy custom Web Search Engines essay

buy custom Web Search Engines essay Google has used the search engine optimization to rise up the ranks of internet preference. A research carried out in the recent past illustrated that more than 80% of world internet users prefer Google. Other internet search engines that have been in use include yahoo, bing, ask, msn. Aol, Lycos, AltaVista and alltheweb. The mentioned search engines have been in use at different times in history. Others have also shared the same historical timings. Technology has always been on the rise from one search engine to another (Bruce 276). While some early versions used manual data allocation, the present search engines have adopted fast transmission of information stored in data bases located in remote parts of the world. The history of search engines dates back in 1945 soon after the end of World War 2 (Trinkle 45). The world was in great need to consolidate and disseminate knowledge in different areas of discipline. The first step was the actual development of the knowledge followed by its dispensation. The pioneers of this concept emphasized on the need to specialize in various areas of study. Writers from all sides were called upon. The collected materials were however stored in the hard copy since computers had not advanced (Trinkle 49). Information was collected and placed in books. People could access information in the books. The present search engines actually work in the same principle. Information is collected and finally stored in data bases located in various servers. People can then locate the information remotely. Archie The earliest form of search engine dates back during the days of Archie. The word Archie was a short version of archive. The former means a storage facility that contains volumes of historical facts. Alan Emtage developed the Archie concept in 1990 while studying at McGill University. This University was located at Montreal in the United States of America. This initial program was meant to assist in accessing information stored in the servers. The process of accessing information was not so difficult then (Trinkle 216). It is also amazing that the files were stored randomly and so they were to be accessed in the same random manner. This random accessibility was only possible because very few files were in use during those days. The few files made it possible to access information in the random manner. Alan Emtage hoped that his product would solve the problem of internet accessibility at that time (Whitmore 74). He used the word Archie and not archives so as to conform to the Unix programming demands. Unix has always been known to use short forms of words. This is the international standard allowed for the UNIX programming (Whitmore 78). Alans invention made it easy to gather information into one place so as to be accessed on a later time. The gathered information was always collected from the then scholars. These were people who had great skill and knowledge in the specific areas. The information that was contributed could be accessed randomly through this Archie method (Whitmore 65). This was the first program to search through the internet for information that FPT had (Whitmore 29). Archie is not a search engine as such like others but it can search a list of files in the internet. When using Archie one has to know the file name that he is searching and then the program will in form you the type of FTP site that the information can be downloaded from the internet (Whitmore 67). File Transfer Protocol File transfer protocol is a type of file searching method that utilized a server side and a client side. This method is also widely known as FTP. Searching the internet was not there before the year around 1990 as there were few websites in place so FTP came in Handy. In regard to this search engine mechanism set up by Tim Lee, files and data are stored in one computer that would also be known as a server (Rognerud 132). The server is the computer in which data is stored. The computer operator then sets the server program to enable other people to access information stored. The persons who are willing to view the information have the obligation of installing a client program that shall enable them to communicate with the server computer. File transfer protocol can take place with or without internet and it used to be searched by word of mouth (Douglas 123). The present File transfer protocol has greatly advanced compared to what Lee developed. This client-server based system can today accommodate the transmission control protocol which uses the internet platform for its operations. The TCP mode brings on board many users and this therefore calls for user authentication mechanism (Rognerud 66). Various authentication methods have been introduced with time. The use of pass words is but one mode of authentication that is common in this present age. Yahoo Yahoo is the first well known and popular search engine that was developed in 1994. It was developed during the web cataloging period by Stanford undergraduates who were working on an Excite project (Andy 48). Another group of Ph.D. students David Filo and Jerry Yang, had some web pages posted in their favorite links, and that is how they came up with Yahoo a name for the pair in their innovations (Rognerud 87). The number of links started to grow hence a better organization of the data and hierarchical listing was developed, and with the pages becoming more accepted, a search page was necessitated and all links were joined together to make a directory (Edward 387). The developments made Yahoo to be the first search engine directory that was popular and easy for data retrieval. The links in the pages were not automatically updated but rather manually by spider or robot, and were further searched by the links developed hence it was not categorized as search engine (Marckini 156). The feature that they created was a simple data base engine, thus it was considered searchable directory. It provided for human compiled explanation in each of the URLs. The directory became so popular and they started charging the commercial sites that were included in the web (Marckini 165). It has automated some of its features lately to give it a distinction between a search engine and search directory by gathering and classifying some of its processes. Yahoo offers a user friendly interface and the ease of understanding the directories makes it to be one of the popular sites in the world of Web. The database is however, small due to the number of users indexing the files of everything that they view while on the sites. Moreover, Yahoo is more effective compared to Wandrer becau se they contain more added expressive information on indexed sites compared to the latter (Fisher 198). Yahoo bought Overture Services Inc, which had the Alta Vista and AlltheWeb search engines. In around 2003 Yahoo became a search engine by combining all its capabilities of the other search engines they had, to a single search engine. WebCrawler The first known full-text search engine is the WebCrawler that was developed at the University of Washington, as an Undergraduate seminar project in 1994 by Brian Pinkerton. The search engine added the accuracy in the web by indexing all the text in the web page compared to other search engines which indexed titles and URL pages only, and this resulted into some keywords not indexed (Marckini 83). This improved ranking relevancy in the producing of results. The search engine allowed users to view what they are searching while, at the same time they enter their queries, and one can able to stop keying and view the results (Handbook 465). The project generated a lot of traffic in the Universitys network system that it almost collapsed because of the popularity it had. The project was taken over by AOL which undertook it to be their network and develop it further. The WebCrawler was bought by Excite from AOL later, but the later still uses the search engine in their NetFind feature (Levene 164). Presently Home Corp owns both Excite and WebCrawler. To make searching in the web more organized, Excite was developed by Stanford undergraduate students, who brought the idea of statistical analysis of indexing in 1993. It was called Architext, and it involved conception based searching that was a hard procedure as it included using statistical word relations such as synonym; the result was getting results of missed keywords by other machines that had not been keyed by the user (Levene 79). The World Wide Web Worm, JumpStation, and Repository-Based Software Engineering (RBSE) spider were developed. The JumpStation retrieved information using a simple linear search from the information gathered on title and header on the Web pages. The WWW Worm had the titles and URLs indexed. The two search engines did list results with no discrimination in the order they found it. The ranking system was developed by the RSBE spider, by listing of results in relevancy to the keyed word (Hock 134). The search engines made it harder for the user to find what they were looking for in the web because they did not have link analysis capabilities. Lycos This search engine was named after the wolf spider, which is just like the way the wolf spider pursues its prey. It was developed in 1994 after the WebCrawler, at Carnegie Mellon University (Kent 63). Michale Mauldin, who is still with the University, is the chief scientist who was behind this type of search engine. Research shows that around 1997, Lycos is believed to have more than sixty million web pages indexed, and it was in Netscapes list of ranked search engines as number one on top of the list (Kent 82). The search engine provided for word proximity and prefix matching bonuses as an added advantage. Search engines use the spiders, which are software programs to search the web for information. Links are recorded to help in proxy editorials, know what web page is all about, to know the type of page that exist, and help to discover new documents. Infoseek is the next search engine that was developed after the Lycos search engine, but it had little improvements in the development that could surpass WebCrawler and Lycos (Kent 51). This search engine came to prominence due to the deal they had with Netscape that made them be browsers search engine in place of Yahoo. Alta Vista Alta Vista is a search engine that was introduced in 1995 by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). It had new developments and improvements that made it more appealing than the previous search engines in the web scene (Kristopher 47). It ran on DEC Alpha-based computers initially, and it was one of the best powerful processors in place. It is so powerful that when Yahoo fails in searching, it automatically becomes the default search engine. The powerful processors made the search engine to run at high speed hardly slowing down. The processor was running on UNIX that was made to run on heavy multi-user environments (Randolph 78). The search engine had the capability other than entering key words, the ability of one to key in questions, search tips, and advanced search features. The capability made it even easier for users to get results when necessary and the use of natural language is a further advantage (Randolph 83). The innovations of Alta Vista made it the first search engine to have Boolean operators like; or, but, and, not for usage and help in improving searches in the web. The search engines do also have the ability to give tips to its users for easier use, and allowed users to add or delete own URL within 24 hours of posting, the first of its kind in the innovation of search engines (Jones 197). These features makes Alta Vista to be unparallel in terms of is accuracy and accessibility. They allowed for inbound link checking, and natural languages. It was bought by Overture after poor mismanagement around the time Google started becoming popular (Handbook 81). HotBot This is a project of University of California at Berkeley in 1996 by Paul Gauthier and Eric Brewer, which was designed as the most powerful search engine. Wired Magazine who are the current owners claim that the search engine is capable of indexing over ten million pages a day on the web, and to add to that, is that the HotBot search engine can update its full index daily, and this makes it to be able to contain the latest information on the web (Fisher 85). It was powered by Inktomi search engine, and it can index a entire Web as its strength. Metasearch This is a simple type of search engine that was introduced in 1995. The search engine works by forwarding keywords received from the user who can either type key words or the question to the search engine. The search engines then sends back the results to the metasearch which formats the hits in the page for easier viewing by the user (Baig 93). The search engines do not have new innovations but can compile searches simultaneously from different search engines depending on the collective relevancy; they then release the results on the web. Metacrawler lately called Go2nett.com developed by Eric Selburg in 1995 of University of Washington Masters student was the first type of this kind of search engines, but this engine ran a foul of other search engines because it only took the output and not the advertising banners. The search engines later started using the banners advertisement with the set of search results as this is what users see as reducing the revenues of the search engine companies (Kent 432). The metasearch engines had other search engines like Dogpile, ProFusion, C-Nets Search.com, and Ask Jeeves. The Ask Jeeves search engine has several features such as having the natural language queries that have the ability to search using many kinds of search engines. The C-Net has over 700 search engines which are different and this is what they use to get results. The different types of search engines that use metasearch are good when used as search engines and directories by the user who asks questions (Karr 77). Jughead and Veronica This kind of search engine did have similarities to Veronica and around the year 1993, the Web started transforming. The industry of search engines started growing from the known Gopher, FTP, and e-mal servers. Matthew Gray created a database of web called Wandex, and he introduced what was called World Wide Web Wanderer which was a succession of robots that required actual web URLs for usage (Trinkle 38). The search engine was having a problem of lag, in accessing same web page many times a day and he tried to fix the problem with software but it took long. He created the search engine to tally the active web servers as he wanted to know the strength and growth of the web. This was the first actual automated indexing system of the search engine. The robots in this period occupied a lot of network bandwidth, and indexing of the sites was rapid and it was easy for servers to crash. The search engine only captured URLs and thus it easy hard to find things not expressed and described in their URL, since this are cryptic and average user can not understand them (Clay 82). Jughead searched one server at a particular time, and it indexed the servers fast in the database memory. It becomes slow after using all the memory, thus limiting the size of servers indexing. It is during this same season that ALIWEB a web page was developed, and it was corresponding to Veronica and Archie search engines (Clay 78). It was developed by Martjin Koster in 1993 as an answer to Wanderer by creating a directory. The webmasters that was developed started using a special index filing system with site information in searching for files instead of the cataloging system of searching for texts and files, which allowed for more accuracy in listing (Kristopher 65). It allowed users to present their pages in their own description to the web for indexing and allowed for more information. The engine was not using much of the bandwidth as it needed no robot to collect data. The major disadvantage of ALIWEB is that many users did not know how to submit their sites to the web (Marckini 276). The web roots page also hosted by Martijn Kojer created the standards of search engine indexing, as the webmasters were now able to block their sites on whole site level or by page by pa ge root. The indexing made the search engines to link that users ask for in the web. The cataloging of the web continued to develop and a new system called spiders came into use, and just like robots, the system searched the web in a sequence for web page information (Kristopher 65). The versions that were there earlier used to search for the web page titles, the information of the header, and the URL of the page as the basis of key words. Search engines in this period were very much behind and hits in the database were the ones produces as the ones hit as the keys were hard to rank with the sites. The fully fledged search engines started to be developed. In 1994 ElNet Galaxy directory now Tradewave Galaxy was developed, it was structured in an analogous way just like the other web directories of today (Kristopher 154). It had both Gopher and Telnet searching features and this made it to be popular, added to the web search features that it had. It was the first browsable Web directory and made use of the different levels and categories of the web. Users still had the problem of knowing what they were looking for in the web and thus using this search engine they could narrow the search until they find what is related to their search (Rathbone 287). Veronica is a type of search engine that was developed by the University of Nevada Computing Services in 1993. The program used a type of system called Gopher server that is used for searching files in the internet, and it still had the same idea as Archie. This kind of server stores plain text documents in the internet as compared to an FTP server that stores images and program files. The search engine is Resource Directory system that gives access to information that is on Gopher servers (Rognerud 234). It has menus in a collective form from Gopher sites. The search involved matching only the items requested by a user on menu items and the result given is customized Gopher as it acted like one. The search engine has three parts namely: spiders, index, and search interface. The search engine spiders are the ones that follow the link in the web and request to know whether indexing has taken place since the last update. Search engine Index is the catalog that is the content of the web (Kent 83). The search engine search interface and relevancy software help to accept the user input by checking the match syntax and spelling, check the relevancy of the question entered by the user and place links that near the user query, and gathering list of relevant pages for search, and to request a list of relevant ads and put them near the search results. Conclusion The search engines are the popular sites for most web users. The development of the search engines in future can be interesting with the entering of meaning based search engine and it is still continuing to evolve. There is increasing expansion of databases, increase in user friendly interfaces and searching techniques, and indexing of sites has also improved. The meaning based search engines can be used to receive mammoth words as databases with synonyms can be developed by different experts (Sebastian 145). Example is the Oingo search engine and Find Engine that one can use by installing a program in a computer and one can just point to the screen and the program searches the web for more information. The history of the search engines shows that the developments are mostly by university students who are doing their projects, and in return they develop them into commercial enterprises. Buy custom Web Search Engines essay

Personal Response to Poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Personal Response to Poems - Essay Example As do the plums, with their taut skin and juice, the tart flesh, all connected to the word 'delicious', suggesting a sensual, selfish, joyful gluttony, which children often indulge in. It makes me want to laugh, it is almost naughty. In Mary Oliver's 'August', the imagery here combines a joy of eating fruit again, but shows a child happy with nature and its own company, a pleasure in just 'being', conjured up in the way the poet says 'my body accepts what it is'. 'The Word Plum' stands out as concentrating entirely on the fruit and the sensations it elicits, while the others give more descriptive and external images to link the fruit and the child to an environment. In Roethke's 'My Papa's Waltz', there are sad and slightly dangerous undertones. The feeling aroused here is one of concern for the potential destruction of the little boy's happiness. I begin to become worried for him, despite his enjoyment and excitement, as something unpredictable and frenetic is present, I think the whiskey smell alerts me to this feeling. The words 'But I hung on like death' are significant, this father is creating mayhem, wrecking the room, and the child is half-delighted, half-fearful of the final outcome. But for love of his father, he suffers this delicious fear, as well as the buckle scraping his face. Even more sad is Robert Hayden's 'Those Winter Sundays'. I think of the fathers who work so hard and do so many unnoticed kindnesses, who are taken for granted. The child does this, the voice of the poet as a man, is filled with regret. There is also a feeling of potential disturbance expressed in the words 'and slowly did I rise and dress fearing the chronic angers of that house'. The last two poems of this group, while recalling childhood memories, suggest a more mature understanding, an awakening to the dangers which can effect the happiness of a child. They also make me think that with this awareness comes the realization that there are things a child cannot control or fully understand, but that despite this, they will try to remain h appy, to keep their innocence intact. All the poems suggest love is abundant, in various forms. The next group of poems also speaks of love, with many facets depicted, but it is the grown-up reality of the ways of the world which are portrayed. Marilyn Hacker's 'Villanelle' shares, I think, the discovery of young, physical love and tries to deepen understanding of how it takes over ones life, as in 'routines are harder to perpetuate.' It brings out a feeling of striving for what cannot be fully understood or attained; complete possession of another, because the separation may be as much mental as physical. Louise Gluck seems to echo this in 'Parable of Faith'. The other three poems seem to be more mature, or have more certainty, without losing the wonder of being in love, or loving deeply. For example, 'Love Poem' by John Frederick Nims tells of somebody accepting the beloved's faults or apparent inadequacies, the small, everyday things that do not really matter, because the essence of the person is far greater than these, and he loves her for that. 'With words and people and