Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes and Membrane St

Investigate the Effect of Temperature on Cell Membranes and Membrane StructureIf you read a recipe for cooked common beet it exit usually advocatethat you dont remove the extincter skin of the beetroot and dont cut offal the stalk and root if you want to suspend getting lots of red dye inthe cooking water. Beetroot contains red pigments called betalains,located within the cell vacuole. Normally the pigments cant rid ofthrough membranes but they leak out when the beetroot is cooked.Aim The aim of this practical is to use beetroot to examine theeffect of the temperature on cell membranes and extend to the effectsobserved to membrane structure. To function correctly a cell needs tobe able to control transport across the partially permeable cellmembrane.Theory To understand how the red pigment leaks out of the beetrootit is essential that we understand the molecular Structure of a plasmamembrane.A membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. This means that it has twolayers of molecules called phospholipids. Each of these phospholipidmoleculeshas two parts A head that will mix with water but not with fat (i.e. it is hydrophilic) Two tails that will mix with fat but not with water (i.e. they argon hydrophobic).In the phospholipid bilayer, the hydrophilic heads are always on theoutside of the membrane. The hydrophobic tails are always on the inside of the membrane. Alone, this arrangement of phospholipids would forma barrier to water and to water-soluble substances. However, othermolecules are scattered among the phospholipids. These include lipids(including cholesterol in the membranes of animals), proteins andpolysaccharides. The proteins in membranes are of special interest tous. This is because they have a number of important functions. Proteins function as Carriers for water-soluble molecules (such as glucose) Channels for ions (such as sodium and chloride ions) Pumps, which use energy to move water-soluble molecules and ions Receptors, which enable hormones and nerve transmitters to bind to specific cells Recognition sites, which identify a cell as being of a particular type Enzymes, which speed up chemical reactions at the edge of the membraneThe ways that substances move across cell membrane are1. public exposure2. Active transport3. Faci... ...ees Celsius. Because at 30 degreesCelsius I would have presumed that the membrane would have been fairlystable. However my graph shows the contrary. This might be due tosources of erroneous belief in my experiment.Experiments - I have successfully gained my results that back myhypothesis. However the results have limitations and some sources oferror. The size of the beetroot is essential. In my experiment I useda ruler and cork bore to measure out the same size beetroot. The corkborer was a a good aid as it ensured that the beetroot had the samediameter. However using a ruler could present possible error. Due tothe surface area to volume ratio.As the test subway systems were taken out of the water bath and placed the inthe colorimeter the temp reduced by a few degrees. This small errorcould of change the results by 0.5 share inaccuracy. This is becauseof insufficient equipment.I understand this experiment is only on a small scale but to gainbetter results each test tube going up in 10 degrees Celsius so we cantell the point of denaturing more accurately, however I feel that I myexperiment showed hint of how a membrane functions under temperaturechange.

A.M.Holmes Music For Torching, Seth MacFarlanes Family Guy, and Tony

A.M.Holmes Music For Torching, Seth MacFarlanes Family Guy, and Tony Kushners Angels in the StatesThe social progression of America in the 20th and 21st centuries has been arguably advantageous. In the historic period following the feminist and civil rights movements, the United States has undeniably developed into the worlds leading democratic system. Women and minorities have equal citizenship status under the law. thither are more females in the workforce than ever before, and formerly guarded issues such as homosexuality and domestic problems can now be address openly in social and political forums. However, the question remains as to whether or not such progression has benefited American culture and its population as a whole. Perhaps we have become too liberal, too timorous at addressing one anothers differences, resulting in the perpetual fear of approaching across as too politically incorrect when expressing ones opinions. Perhaps our social order has become excessively inve rted women are born(p) intended to slave over the hot stove, and only males and females are biologically prearranged to copulate. Perhaps we are nevertheless not tolerant enough, as many minorities still suffer quietly under a largely heterosexual-Caucasian-male-dominated regime. What we have gained from free thinking and global assimilation, we have also lost in traditional principles. condescension the cultural uncertainties that have risen from national change, it is evident that the American dream is no longer the embodiment of attaining the white picket fence and happy firm that it once was. Postmodern texts seek to examine this social revolution by examining and questioning our social evolution. Three examples of such texts, A.M. Homes Music For Torching, Seth... ...ent of theories and doctrines? Have the values of America diminished because of such progression? Or has our nation not progressed at all, and remained stagnant because, as Kushner would contend, we have rep eatedly committed the same societal mistakes throughout history? Though we have solved certain dilemmas, new ones have arisen. Americans cherish free enterprise, yet we have come to recognize that money cannot debauch happiness. Women may now enter the workforce, but are forced to arbitrate between a career and children. Husbands face mid-life crises about the issue of their masculinity. In general, the simple-minded idealism of the rags-to-riches success story is no longer the dream of the postmodern American. Our ambition has instead become a fixation with establishing and accepting ones own identity and the identities of others despite continuing social uncertainties.

Good And Evil Are Bedfellows in Flannery O’Connor A Good Man is Hard to

The Flannery OConnor story A Good Man is Hard to Find illustrates a parallel amidst the Misfit and the nanna, showing that good and evil are not mutually exclusive in an individual. The grandmother and the Misfit display a flowing, changing state of fount, representative of this shift. Flannery OConnor lifts these two characters on the surface as simply being a good person and a bad person. However, there is more than to each character than the surface level, as they exhibit traits that wouldnt ordinarily seem fitting in regards to what would be expected. It is this complexity in hu cosmos characteristics that OConnor takes the time to develop and show the audience the depth of humanity.William Burke defines the bond between the Misfit and the grandmother by observing a shared moral dogma (99). This moral principle is the belief that they deem themselves a good person, though, for entirely different reasons. As the family begins its trip, despite her initial objections, t he grandmother is content with the ride (OConnor 203). Her agreeable nature portrays her as being a kind old woman and therefore the good person she strives to be. Despite his criminal history, the Misfit is introduced as a considerate motorist, stopping to back up the injured family and their damaged vehicle (208). Considering his reputation, had he truly been a man of evil, the family would have been in immediate danger, as opposed to just the point from when the grandmother recognized him. Upon the realization that the Misfit may, in fact, be no different than one of her own children, her subsequent murder reveals the Misfits own regrets about his misdeeds (OConnor 212).On the other hand, the grandmother and the Misfit both act... ...s in mind A Good Man Is Hard to Come By because a solely good man is a rarity among individuals. Regardless of the role the person may have in society, a grandmother or a criminal, perhaps, there are more intricate blends in a personality than just good or evil.Works Cited Burke, William. Protagonists and antagonists in the fiction of Flannery OConnor. The gray Literary Journal 20 (1988) 99. Evans, R. (1997, January). A good man is hard to find. Short Fiction A Critical Companion, Retrieved November 23, 2008, from Literary Reference Center database.Kane, Richard. Positive deconstruction in the fiction of Flannery OConnor. The Southern Literary Journal 20 (1987) 45. OConnor, Flannery. A Good Man Is Hard to Find Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Ed. Robert DiYanni. 6th ed. Boston McGraw Hill, 2007. 202-212.

Imagery In Othello :: essays research papers

The function of tomography in the mid-sixteenth century play Othello by William Shakespeare is to aid characterisation and define subject matter in the play. The antagonist Iago is defined through many different images, Some being the use of poison and soporifics, sleeping agents, to show his true evil and sadistic nature. Othellos character is also shaped by much imagery such as the animalistic, black and white, and horse images which indicates his lustful, sexual nature. Characterisation of women is heavily fit(p) by imagery used to show the patriarchal gender system of the time. Some of this imagery is that of hobbyhorses and the like showing that they, Desdemona and Emelia, were goose egg better than common whores. Othellos view at the start of the play is contradicting of these patriarchal views with Desdemona and Othellos true love overcoming these stereotypes and we are told this through imagery of fair warriors and the like. The power of deceit is shown also through ima gery of spiders and webs, uniforms and other such images. Also the power of jealousy is well defined by imagery. The handkerchief, green-eyed monster and cuckolding imagery are prominent in defining this theme. The satanic character of Iago is depicted well though different types or imagery. His sadist intend is depicted through suffocating imagery Ill effuse pestilence into his(Othellos) ear (II iii 356) says Iago in a soliloquy in as he is outlining his venomed intent and nature. This continues throughout the play with lines such as The Moor already changes with my poison (III iii 322) and Not poppy nor mandragora, Nor all the drowsy syrups of the world shall medicine thee to that sweet sleep Which thou did owdest yesterday (III iii 327-30). His malicious character is likened to a snake through this imagery of poisons like a snake has and then Lodovico calls him a Viper (V ii 281) which indicates how Iagos character is that of a snake, and in those times a snake was considered a creature of pure evil. The Machiavellian persona of Iago can also be seen through his use of reputation imagery to Cassio and Othello. To Cassio he says Reputation is an idle and most false imposition (II iii 267-8) and as a paradox, to Othello, he says reputation is everything to a man and he is nothing with out it. Iago is also likened very much, though imagery, to the Devil.

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Tea

The Purpose of Education As teachers endeavor into the field of education, it is imperative to ask exactly what the purpose of education is and why education has become wholeness of the fundamental institutions of society. In examining this question, I realize that education serves as the basis for the organization of our culture, and requisitely, the entire world and its influence is invaluable. I see four essential purposes of education to foster thinking and reasoning skills in students, to create a sense of community, to develop life skills such as responsibility and cooperation, among others, and to provide a precursor for lifes continuous education. The most obvious purpose of education, and perhaps the one that many people view as the only purpose, is to yarn-dye in students a means of thinking. In our current education, this takes the form of several major subject areas, like math, science, history, and English, but these areas are constantly expa nding to reflect our ever-changing culture as students today are encouraged to expand their knowledges. But education goes beyond even providing subject information it teaches students to think critically and rationally and to consider ideas skills necessary in all life situations. The structure of education today, and throughout history, helps to provide a strong sense of community within society. Because students briny access to other people outside their families is in school, thi...

The Purpose of Education Essay -- Philosophy of Education Teaching Tea

The Purpose of Education As teachers endeavor into the field of precept, it is imperative to ask exactly what the purpose of education is and why education has become one of the fundamental institutions of society. In examining this question, I realize that education serves as the basis for the organization of our culture, and essentially, the entire world and its influence is invaluable. I memorise four essential purposes of education to foster ideateing and reasoning skills in students, to create a sense of fraternity, to develop life skills such as province and cooperation, among others, and to provide a precursor for lifes continuous education. The most obvious purpose of education, and perhaps the one that many people view as the only purpose, is to instill in students a means of thinking. In our current education, this takes the form of several major subject areas, like math, science, history, and English, but these areas are constantly expanding t o reflect our changing culture as students today are encouraged to expand their knowledges. But education goes beyond even providing subject information it teaches students to think critically and rationally and to consider ideas skills necessary in all life situations. The structure of education today, and throughout history, helps to provide a strong sense of community within society. Because students main access to other people outside their families is in school, thi...

Belonging Different Aspects

Ruby Langfords Autobiography get out shows us several(predicate) aspects of belonging than Wintons story. Explain this. There argon a substantial amount of aspects that correlate and production line with the theme of belonging in various texts. Although our virtuoso of belonging is vital for our survival and existence, everyone has their own come along to belonging and define it in their own way. The extract why we didnt receive by Ruby Langford explores belonging from the eyes of an aborigine woman and how she is stirred by the society that surrounds her.Tim Wintons short story The Waters Edge and this extract share similarities and differences in language techniques, but more importantly, they contrast in how they approach belonging and what it is to have a strong sense of belonging. Ruby Langfords extract begins with her moving to green valley, a government agency astray populated with white people. Amongst this white residence there is a designated syndicate made pract iced for aboriginal residence. They were forced to live there due to the authorities policy of integration/assimilation, they belonged there.Belonging cannot be ordered, or directed by government policy it arises from deep sharing of values. The title of the extract why we didnt assimilate confirms this. Ruby felt very isolated from her friends and culture. All her neighbors were white. She felt alienated by the rules of living in a housing commission house especially the rule or so guests the rule was useless in our culture. Ruby ignored these rules as in order to belong we fulfill ourselves not pretend to be someone else. The girl from the waters edge (in order to fulfill herself) swam into the dark ocean.Just as ruby ignored these rules, the protagonist in waters edge rejects her experience because her pay back and the (government in the extract) are trying to make them something they are not. They rebel in order to find a stronger sense of belonging. The clear contrast betwe en the two texts can be seen through their perceptions of the idea of belonging to a family. The waters edge is all about losing these family connections while the extract suggests that family bonds will only strengthen belonging. This is seen through how both authors describe family through language used.The protagonist from waters edge just wished her mother would put the bottles away. The qualifier just indicates an impatience with and intolerance of her mother. This is supported with her judgment that her mother was either sick or stupid. This juxtaposes with when the kids asked why I was cryingwe hugged each other the strong sense of family is clearly seen in the extract. The young girl in Wintons short story challenges ceremonious belonging to her mother and becomes attached to nature and believes that only the strong survive.Another thing to notice is that Wintons story is built on anonymity while a lot of names are used in the extract their belonging is based on family whil e the girl thinks she can make it on her own. The mother and the protagonist dont even make conversation throughout the text, but the kids in the extract talk and interact with their mother to further overdraw that belonging strengthens with strong connections with family. The tones used to illustrate belonging in both texts are different in terms of how their authors view belonging and what it takes to have a strong sense of belonging.In Langfords extract, she uses first somebody narration and speaks to the reader as a friend my first glimpse of the house left me with a lump in my throat. Her voice is passive, conversational and resilient we notice that there is depth in her character and her ability to create a place of belonging in a predominantly white area. She has a very authentic voice I was dying to see another black brass instrumentsomeone to pass the time of day and yarn with, she uses ordinary idioms and this narrative voice keeps us very close to her viewpoint.This con trasts with Wintons use of third person narration and focalized narration to describe the girls point of view. The protagonists judgment that her mother was either sick or stupid is an usage of focalized narration, this allows Winton to keep us emotionally distant from the reader yet allow us to understand her frustration. Winton described the girls emotions differently because by rejecting her mother (her family) she could be edging the point of alienation in the fluid continuum of belonging.Both The Waters Edge and Why we didnt assimilate creatively explore senses of belonging. through exploration and interpretation of the text, I have discovered a vast array of representations of belonging. Through contrasting both texts I have discovered the different aspects that belonging can have and how in some cases it can be complex. Wintons text explores how someone can belong to something more than family and Langfords extract shows the strength that comes from belonging to a family. B y considering these aspects of belonging we are enlightened.

Parenting Styles and Prosocial Behavior Essay

Parents often play a large role in the development of their sons or daughters morality, social behavior, education, habits, and many other areas. Therefore, parents contain tremendous power when it comes to shaping their offspring. Due to this tremendous amount of power, researchers had an inclination that certain parenting styles get under ones skin effect on their childs BMI. The evidence found in the muse suggests that there is a possible relation between the type of parenting styles and the sport of their childrens BMI. The researchers of this article, based upon past studies, hypothesized that the four major parenting styles they presented would should greater increases in BMI than other styles (Fuemmeler, 2012).The researchers funded by several government grants such as the National crabmeat Institute Grant and National Heart Lung and Blood Institute Grant found an effective way to carry out this study. First, the researchers gave the individuals (ages11-21) being tested a survey about their parents to determine the style the parent used. The survey was broke down into tests. One test fixed acceptance of the parent, while the other determined control. Based on the answers given by the child, the parents styles were determined and were broken up into four categories. These four categories were permissive, authoritarian, disengaged, and balanced.As a result, the categories would serve as the independent variables in the study. Once the childs parenting type was established, the researchers monitored the kids BMI over an eleven year span to watch for any increases or decreases. The BMI, the dependent variable in the study, showed greater increases in the kids who had a balanced style parenting. This result surprised the researchers because they believed that the authoritarian and disengaged parent types would show greater increases. Although, the authoritarian and disengaged parent types didnt show increases in BMI much than the balanced style, they d id associate to lees leveling off of trajectories over time (Fuemmeler, 2012).This study showed relation between the parenting styles and BMIs of their children, but this study does not present a causal relationship between the two. It cannot show a causal relationship for a number of reasons. One reason is imputable to the fact that the study refuses to acknowledge factors causing association between parenting styles and BMI. For example, a parent that practices a disengaged style and lives in an obese home environment may encourage poor eating and exercise habits in their kids lives. Also in order for the study to demonstrate causation, the researcher would have had to deepen the parenting styles and make greater changes to the weight and diet of the individuals being studied (Fuemmeler, 2012).Some things that should have been changed in the study would be the way the measurements were recorded. Instead of having a self-reported superlative and weight, the researchers should ha ve had their own workers record the measurements for more accuracy. Another flaw in the study was that the style of parenting before adolescence was never examined. Which leaves the question of whether parenting styles in adolescence or pre adolescence has more of an effect on BMI.Fuemmeler, B. F., Yang, C., Costanzo, P., Hoyle, R. H., Siegler, I. C., Williams, R. B., & stbye, T. (2012). Parenting styles and body mass index trajectories from adolescence to adulthood. Health Psychology, 31(4), 441-449

Mrs Elizabeth Dole’s Presidential Election

As hot seat of the Ameri nates rubicund thwartwise, Elizabeth pogey has led an extraordinary everyday ser in substantiality career in which she has served six United States professorships and has been named by the Gallup Poll as one of the worlds ten most admired women.Born and embossed in Salisbury, northwesterly Carolina, Elizabeth Dole was apparently always diligent. She obtained excellent grades and won the prize in an essay writing competition offered annually by the Daughters of the Confederacy. Her classmates voted her Most Likely to Succeed, and would a lot remark that she would one day be a First Lady or a President. Following in her brothers footsteps, she attended Duke University. She was choose president of the Womens learner Government Association. Elizabeth Dole left Duke with a bachelors degree in political science, with recognition as Student Leader of the Year, Phi Beta Kappa and was the May Queen. She then went on to earn her law degree from Harvard Law S chool as well as obtaining a mountain passmasters in education and government from Harvard.Elizabeth Dole headed the White House Office of Consumer Affairs under both Presidents Johnson and Nixon. It was on that point that she began a career-long dedication to public safeguard, for which she received the National Safety Councils Distinguished Service Award in 1989. By 1974, Nixon had appointed her a federal Trade Commissioner.She and Bob Dole were married in 1975 while she was still with the FTC, and when he became the Vice Presidential candidate under Jerry Ford, she took a leave of absence to campaign for him. In 1980, the flat married Elizabeth Dole, impressed Ronald Reagan to the extent that he appointed her director of his transition teams human services group and a year later, promoted her to head of the White House Office of Public Liaison. In February 1983, Elizabeth Dole joined President Reagans Cabinet as Secretary of Transportation the first adult female to hold t hat position.During her four years at Transportation, the United States enjoyed the safest years in its history in all three major areas rail, air, and highway. Some of her many safety initiatives included a new regulation which required air bags or automatic safety belts in all new cars and spawned safety belt laws in 36 states and the District of Columbia. She led the crusade to raise the drinking age to 21 directed the overhaul of the aviation safety inspection system and enforce tougher aviation security measures at the U.S. airports, which led to tightened security measures around the world. She also oversaw the sale of CONRAIL, the government-owned freight railroad that returned $1.2 billion dollars to the U.S. Treasury.In January of 1989, President Bush swore in Elizabeth Dole as the nations 20th Secretary of Labor. As Labor Secretary, she served as the Presidents chief adviser on industry and work force issues. She has worked to help shatter the glass ceiling for Americas working women and minorities, increase safety and health in the workplace, upgrade the skills of the American work force, and improve relations between labor and management, playing a key role in bringing the parties together to resolve the bitter football team month Pittston Coal Strike.In 1993, Women Executives in State Government honored Elizabeth Dole with their Lifetime Achievement Award for her many achievements in helping women and minorities bomb through the glass ceiling. Also this year, she was selected for induction into the Safety and Health Hall of Fame International for her numerous transportation, workplace, and blood safety accomplishments. She went on to receive the North Carolina tug Associations first North Carolinian of the Year Award.As President of the American Red Cross, Elizabeth Dole oversaw nearly 30,000 staff members and more than 1.5 million volunteers who conciliate the worlds foremost humanitarian musical arrangement. She was a member of that volunt eer force in 1991, taking no salary her first year.The American Red Cross provides 52% of Americas blood supply. While blood is overwhelmingly safe, to quote the Food and Drug Administration, four months into her presidency, Elizabeth Dole secured approval of the organizations Board of Governors to launch a sweeping $148 million state of the art blood system which pass on be able to quickly and efficiently incorporate medical technology as it evolves.Following two years of record breaking natural disasters, Elizabeth Dole launched an aggressive relief campaign that raised $172 million dollars in 1992 to assist victims of disasters including Hurricanes Andrew and Iniki.Elizabeth Dole certainly has the political credentials as well as strong other value. She understands how to be powerful and nevertheless remain human, warm and sincere. She understands the importance of integrity, morality, and accountability in government. With all the scandal that Bill Clinton has brought to Wash ington, observers say that Mrs. Doles strong religious and traditional values could work as a remedy. If our country will ever be ready for a female in the Oval Office it is now, with Elizabeth Dole. There will be, however, significant electoral, institutional, and constitutional ramifications if she is elected.First of all, the Electoral College will be jumbled. As Elizabeth Dole is a strong member of the Republican Party, electing a woman to the presidential office is a very democratic move. Therefore, many of the Democratic electoral voters may cast their votes in the direction of Elizabeth Dole, rather than their own presidential candidate, and vice versa for the Republican electoral voters. These electoral voters will be in a cross-pressured situation that will blur the outcome of the election to a certain degree.The institutional cause of Elizabeth Doles election to office will be in two major parts (1) Her leadership of the American Red Cross as well as her association with and involvement in the American political system will adhere to a knowledge of those and similar institutions, and (2) the visual sense media will curb the campaigns with an instance never before been seriously tampered with.Although many may argue against Elizabeth Doles ability to act as air force officer in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, she seems to guard the confidence and the aid to do so. She is very much in favor of restoring Americas Defense capability. The readiness of our troops is in question and a whole generation of outdated military equipment is waiting to be replaced. I believe there is an urgent need to refurbish our military and resolve to develop and deploy a strategic missile defense system at the earliest practicable date.Furthermore, the Presidency has become an institution itself, containing many aids, helping in the decision-making procedure and the management of domestic policy, economic policy, foreign affairs, congressional relations, and public relations. Her knowledge both of executive power as well as working closely with executives and their aids (referring to U.S. Presidents) has given her tremendously valuable experience that readies her for her tasks as a President of the United States.Now, the mass media always has a great influence in the public opinion of politics due to their coverage and choice of material presented to this public. This can be looked upon as an advantage for Elizabeth Dole. The media will, without fail, give special attention to her campaign, for she is the first woman in American history to have a prospect of securing the Presidency. Statistics have shown that voters tend to favor those candidates who have a combination of sufficient media coverage and charisma, the latter of which Elizabeth Dole undeniably possesses. Therefore, with this ensemble and her qualifications, Elizabeth Dole will be good-looking the public eye something theyve been waiting to see in a presidential candida tethe background, the experience, the disposition, the intelligence and the integrity to run our country with our full faith.The Constitutional effects have much to do with Elizabeth Doles platform as well as the intermingling of powers. The issue of a Republican woman elected President being a Democratic move could induce a more efficient process of law making in Congress. Furthermore, Elizabeth Dole is a firm believer in rolling back the bureaucracy. This refers directly to the tenth amendment of the Constitution The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people. The founding fathers inserted this amendment for fear of the development and consolidation of a powerful and meddlesome federal government. These days, our federal government maintains numerous and indefinite powers as the states hold few.The Federal Government has become too big, too complex, too bureaucratic. Deci sions once make in state legislatures, in city halls and around kitchen tables are now made in Washington. What we need to do, it seems, is to remember the wisdom of our countrys founders, and the tenth Amendment to the Constitution those powers not specifically delegated to the federal government or prohibited to the states are reserved for the states and for we the people you and meElizabeth Dole is not a power hungry politician like the ones we today to whom we are so accustomed. She is a politically knowledgeable and powerful woman who has the ability to stand strong as the head of the worlds most powerful nation.

Life without internet Essay

What would life be like without the cyberspace?Many mass say that the meshwork is the most important invention ever, and I definitely believe that it is true. Since the first artificial satellite, the Sputnik, was launched to the space, the world has never been the same. Nowadays computer is so affordable that in every home you abide find one. What is more, the Internet connects people all around the world. Computers didnt exist a century ago and many people might have had happy lives without them. Life would stop without computers. You wouldnt even stop to think about how many common products are operated by computers. Our cars, nuke ovens, wristwatches and thousands of other gadgets. Appearing on the internet you can search WWW-means World Wide Web-for information when you need to.see morelife without internet there are millions of websites storing an endless amount of data. You can find many dozens of information about everything on the internet. E.g. history, animals, plants , nature, music, famous people etc. There is countless number of services available on the net. What is more you can download music, films, listen to foreign radio stations, play games, read and subscribe newspapers and magazines and you can even purchase or sell various products , order food,. In addition you can transfer money through the Internet, and learn languages on-line on several web pages and practice English because most users speak the language. You can keep in touch with friends or other people from other countries to save them e-mails if you have an e-mail access and it is very fast .The list is endless, and I honestly like to use it because as I have experienced I always get to useful information through the Internet, and gain knowledge about healthy life.

The Life of John Lennon

The Beatles was one of the greatest rock and roll bands that have infiltrated the medicament industry by storm. Their music have been a legacy throughout the history of music and the four-spot members namely John Lennon, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr and George Harrison have all achieved the superstar celebrity status. In 1965, the accomplishments of the Beatles exceeded the expectations of Lennon because during this time they were able to conquer the US, UK and the whole cosmea (Henke 4). Then, later on 1968, The Beatles launched their own record company, Apple.They called it Western Communism, an effort to free themselves from the heavy hand of collective domination, to gain autonomy for themselves as artist. They also hoped to bring promising artists into Apple and to make experimental music. At the beginning it seemed as if the Beatles might succeed. It also seemed as if Apple could easily deteriorate into the biggest institution of hip capitalism, in which the Beatles gained n othing except the profits from the sale of their records, profits that Capitol have previously held. Wiener 73)Among the four Beatles, Lennons life and achievements have been the most controversial. His beliefs, philosophies, music and experiences were able to mould him in becoming one of the most influential people in the world during his propagation. As a celebrity, he advocated many causes and disclosed many sentiments about politics. He said that the government does not represent the people, instead they control them (Coleman). Moreover, in an interview, Lennon disclosed that he is the laziest person in EnglandI dont mind writing or speaking bust sex is the only bodily thing that I can be bother with any more (Cleave). However, Lennons life was cut short when he was assassinated by a fan on December 8, 1980. His killer, Mark David Chapman, was convicted of murder nd was given a sentence 20 years in prison. Chapman applied several times for parole but he was always declined by the New York State Board of Parole (CBS Interactive).

A Thousand Splendid Suns: Analysis

Create questions you would ask the author and at least angiotensin-converting enzyme of the people in the book. Include why you would ask each particular question, and connect the question to a specific tear downt (quote with page ) in the book. If I were to ask questions to the author and characters, they would be about their experiences. The one question I would ask Khaled Hosseini is, All the characters in this book were granted poetic justice, but why not Mariam?Mariam did nothing monstrous to deserve execution her act of killing Rasheed was done in self-defense and the defense of Laila. Nonetheless, she suffered the shame and punishment from the government at a lower place which she lived in. Like a compass needle that points north, a mans accusing finger always finds a woman. Always. You remember that, Mariam. pg. 364 Even though Mariams execution was injustice in my eyes I believe that for Mariam her death sentence was an legitimate end to her aliveness which had legitimat e beginnings.Before her death sentence, she recites lines from the record asking for mercy and forgiveness which portrays her humbleness and her dedication to loved ones in her invigoration. I would resembling to ask Mariam why she refused to c in all witnesses at her trial. Why did she not try to escape with Tariq and Laila? Calling witnesses to her trial could have proved to be beneficial to Mariam she might not have been sentenced to death but she didnt even try. Remembering the last time shed signed her name to a document, twenty- seven years before, at Jalils table, beneath the watchful gaze of another(prenominal) mullah. pg. 364 There was still a little hope left her, her imagines were to see Laila and Tariq happy and to watch Aziza and Zalmai grow but just like that she gave it all up. Her life had not ended but she still acted as if there was nothing that could be done she herself gave up her hopes which contrasted her character at the beginning of the book. Lastly, I w ould like to ask Khaled why was Laila not given a chance to attend university and complete her secondary education?It is obvious in the early stages of the book that her dream is be educated and educate others so that she can play a womens worthy role in their society. Her young self is contradicting to what her character becomes. I wonder why after building her family and living in peace she didnt have the desire to attend university. She had a good opportunity and I feel it would have benefited her and her family a lot. One question I would ask Laila is why she wanted to move back to Kabul?Wasnt she done with all the suffering and painful memories she endured there? Where do we go from here, Tariq? How long do we stay here? This isnt home. Kabul ispg. 390 I realize it was her homeland, she grew up there and the Kabul they left during the war was now half restored though why would she risk the lives of her family members and their freedom they obtained in Murree. Its a good life, L aila tells herself, a life to be thankful for. It is, in fact, precisely the sort of life she used to dream for herself in her darkest days with Rasheed.

Leadership Communication Styles Inventory Essay

As a manager or leader of an organization of all kind, the strength and ability to utilely lead others are in the choices made to build a healthy, motivational, and productive relationship with population on your team. We all influence others in roughly way, its Just that we seldom realize that we do or how we do it. Power in the workplace has traditionally been defined as force, dominance, assertiveness, strength, invincibility, and authority. In forward thinking corporations, major power requires a commitment and a plan of do workion (Hale, 2010). Power and influence are somewhat interchangeable.Power is the capacity of a mortal, team, or organization to influence others. Power is not the act of changing someonws attitudes or behavior it is only the potential to do so. You might feel fibrous or think you have power over soul else, but this is not power unless you truly have the capacity to influence that person (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Gli straightway, 2010). One of the hardest lessons of management is that practically everything that has to be done mustiness be done by others. Managerws duties not only include directing employees ut controlling the budget, assets, and other Jobs within the organization as well.leaders is the ability to get people to do what they donwt want to do and the likes of it. In other words, the core problem for leaders in any organization involves getting others to do what is required to accomplish the organizationes goals (Michelson). The concept of power and its application to leadership and management has gotten a bad reputation. terms such as power hungry, abuse of power and corrupted by power have diluted powerws real use and meaning and deprived some leaders f the opportunity to belowstand and use various forms of power to good purposes (Wood, 2010).I like to believe people misuse their power ba cuss because they have it and are unaware of it. When use in a positive, moral, and ethical manner, power is an excellent resource. It requires the perception of dependence, so people might gain power by convincing others that they have something of value, whether or not they actually control that resource. Consequently power exists when others believe that you control resources they want (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 010).People rely on their emotion more frequently than they realize to make decisions, so to become a more powerful influencer, it is wise to consider othews values, personality, and intelligence and impart confidence in the personws ability to accomplish the Job. The type of power applied affects the type of influence the power holder has over the other person or work unit. Everyone has power and I d believe that to be a bad thing. The issue becomes what kind of power a person has and how it is used.The most powerful source is base on one osition within an organization and the authority given in that position (Wood, 2010). An abusive boss can lose reckon and influ ence from their team members. As a leader, your influence and power are not only about getting the Job done, itws about the relationships you develop in the workplace. A supervisor on my Job is retiring in a couple ot months and it seems ner whole attitude and demeanor nas changed. She seems to be on a pastime to get all the people she wants out of the company and all that she wants promoted before she leaves.The influence and respect that she once possessed is no longer apparent or given to her and the orale in the office is very low. Her tactics to get the Job done are threatening, humiliating, and demeaning for some of the employees. They are afraid to go supra her for the fear of retaliation, so they wait and hope that their Jobs are safe until she retires. French and Raven, social psychologists, identified five sources of power legitimate, coercive, reward, expert, and referent that help the dependent person directly or indirectly achieve his or her goals.Legitimate, reward and coercive are sources of power granted formally by the organization and informally by co-workers hey are positional powers (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). Legitimate power is an agreement among organisational members that people in certain roles can request certain behaviors of others. It depends on shared agreement from those expected to abide by this authority (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). True and lasting power comes from being a leader worthy of respect and admiration.If you dainty people with dignity and respect, you will build a trusting relationship and people will look up to you, listen to what you say, and want to be like you. Reward power derived from the person ability to control the allocation of rewards valued by others and to remove negative sanctions. Managers have power over the distribution of organizational rewards such as pay, promotions, time off, vacation schedules, and work assignments (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Gli now, 2010). This power comes with the position and can be taken away if the position is removed.Coercive power is the ability to apply punishment. Employees also have coercive power to ensure that co-workers conform to team norms (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). You have this kind of power when youwre in a position to punish others if they donwt do what you want. People fear the consequences of not doing what has been asked of them. Expert and referent powers are based on an individuws personal power. These powers are based on charisma, likeability, and positive feelings the leader generates among subordinates (Wood, 2010).There is research suggesting that charismatic leadership is negatively related to harmful behaviors in the workplace. For example, transformational leadership was negatively associated with safety accidents which harisma is a large component of (Hale, 2010). These powers originate from the power holders characteristics and are power bases brought to the organization. Expert power is an individualws or work uws capacity to influence others by possessing knowledge or skills that others value (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010).This power is based on what you know and will quickly gain you respect and influence in the workplace. It is all about well-educated your Job and doing it well and not being afraid in learning all that you can. It could potentially be the basis for a managerial role for an employee. denotative power is a function ofa persows interpersonal skills which allows others to identify with them, like them, or respect them and is associated with charismatic leadership (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010).People are well care and are considered role models because of their connection and concern for other people. People who are well-liked and respected nave a tremendous amount ot reterent power. A wise leader knows now and when to apply the right amount of power to influence an individual, gro up, or situation to move an agenda forward (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). In order to be an effective leader, a person cannot rely solely on either of these positions of power.Leading by example, offering rewards, or threatening punishments all can be used as power tools to accomplish goals, however more power can be gained by sharing it among the team in a more deadly and counterintuitive way (Wood, 2010). If you want your team to be ethical and respectful of each other, I believe the example should start from the top. Using influence tactics well requires a healthy combination of interpersonal, communication, presentation, and assertiveness techniques, verbal skills such as asserting, probing, ersisting, speaking conversationally, and willingness to ask for favors ( (Selling and Persuaion Techniques ).Influence refers to any behavior that attempts to alter someonws attitudes or behaviors (McShane, Steven L, Mary Ann Von Glinow, 2010). You may try to exert your in fluence through coercion and manipulation and you might even get things done but that isnwt really influencing. Thatws forcing people to do what you want them to do and often against their will. Effective leaders use combinations of various strategies for different purposes under different onditions which can be classified under three categories retribution, reciprocation, and reason (Michelson).

Historical Report on Paul Lauterbur

Historical Report on capital of Minnesota Lauterbur Paul Lauterbur was born right here in Sidney, Ohio in 1929. He attended Case establish of applied science where he majored in chemistry. After graduating with his Bachelors full point, he started working for Dow Corning Corporation in their Mellon Institute Laboratories. While working he took graduate courses at the University of Pittsburgh for free where he later received his PhD degree in 1962. During his studies, he learned about nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR).Then he was drafted into the Army from 1954-1955 wherefore left to work at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He realized raw(a) images could be made from NMR. Lauterburs breakthrough idea was to vary the strength of the magnetic field everywhere the object which in turn emitted various radio waves that could be cancelled into images . Then he turned to using these variances on clams and green peppers in the beginning. This displayed different types o f tissues in the images which later was used to score between healthy tissue and tumors. In 2003, he received the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.Not only did he have breakthroughs in imaging NMR, but in non-imaging NMR spectroscopy proving a method for the investigation of matter. Paul received many more awards during his life including the Gold Medal of the Society of Magnetic reverberance in Medicine, US National Medal of Technology, US National Medal of Science, and Roentgen Medal. Sources http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur-cv. hypertext mark-up language http//nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/2003/lauterbur. html http//www. rsc. org/chemistryworld/issues/2007/May/PaulLauterbur. asp

Marketing Strategy of Nokia Essay

foundationThe trammel I experience chosen to analyze in my project is the Finnish winding tele retrieve giant NOKIA. This project tells us briefly what Nokia actu alto permithery is, its society structure and over only enamour on the size and gross revenue of the partnership & in any case the Various Marketing Strategies fol lowed by them. Nokia is a telecom federation with head wordquarters in Espoo (Finland). It is best kn avow as the humanitys most famous busy skirt manufacturer, and it is, furtherto a greater extent, the provider of consumer returns such as set-top boxes, equipment for broadband cyberspace and IP and nimble ne bothrks. Nokia is also a supplier of the automotive indus hear and offers things like speakers for discordant machine shits.1.1 Purpose of the study intellectual the company as a whole.To know the facilities provided by the Company to its Customers. To know the Strategies adopted by NOKIA to re-establish itself in the cubicle- au ditory sensations bell ringeret later on(prenominal) simultaneous decline of the companys foodstuff sh are over the by few categorys due to competition from companies like APPLE and SAMSUNG.1.2 look for Objectives of the Study-To gather instruction about(predicate) the company and its ingatherings.To study the threat, weaknesses, opport building balkies and strengths of the company. To make comparative analysis between top 5 shout out vendors.To get the better view of Various Marketing Strategies adopted by NOKIA to re jell itself in the Smartphones market.1.3 Re seem MethodologyIt is a way to musical ar set outmentatically solve the explore problem. It may be unders similarlyd as a science of studying how research is done scientifically. In it we study the various amounts that our generally adopted by a researcher in studying his problem along with the logic skunk them. It is necessary for the researcher to know non only the research methods or technical schooln iques but also the methodology.1.3.1 entropy SourceThe selective information underside be quiet from two sources i.e. Primary and Secondary .I have collected most of the information for this project on NOKIA from the secondary sources like sacksites, search engines, books and magazines.1.3.2 Limitations of StudyThe data of the research was secondary in nature and approach to primary data was limited. There was also a while constraint as much more cartridge holder was required in order to research more deeply about the topic. The project endurericted to only telecommunication sector of the company.ABOUT NOKIAHISTORY1865 to 1967The predecessors of the modern-day Nokia were the Nokia Company (Nokia Aktiebolag), Finnish Rubber whole shebang Ltd (Suomen Gummitehdas Oy) and Finnish Cable works Ltd (Suomen Kaapelitehdas Oy). Nokias history started in 1865 when mining engineer Fredrik Idestam launch aground wood pulp submarine on the banks of the Tammerkoski rapids in the tow nsfolk of Tampere, in southwesternFinland in the Russian Empire and started manufacturing paper. In 1868, Idestam built a second mill near the town of Nokia, fifteen kilometers (nine miles) west of Tampere by the Nokianvirta river, which had better resources for hydro personnel yield. In 1871, Idestam, with the help of his close familiarity statesman Leo Mechelin, renamed and transformed his firm into a share company, thereby founding the Nokia Company, the name it is politic known by today. Toward the end of the 19th century, Mechelins wishes to expand into the electricity fear were at origin thwarted by Idestams opposition. However, Idestams retirement from the management of the company in 1896 allowed Mechelin to become the companys chairman (from 1898 until 1914) and sell most shareholders on his inventions, thus realizing his vision. In 1902, Nokia added electricity generation to its stemma activities.Industrial conglomerateIn 1898, Eduard Poln founded Finnish Rubber Work s, manufacturer of galoshes and other caoutchouc crossings, which later became Nokias rubber crease. At the beginning of the 20th century, Finnish Rubber Works established its factories near the town of Nokia and they began using Nokia as its product brand. In 1912, Arvid Wickstrm founded Finnish Cable Works, manufacturing melodic line of telephone, telegraph and electrical cables and the foundation of Nokias cable and electronics line of workes. At the end of the 1910s, shortly after human being War I, the Nokia Company was nearing bankruptcy. To ensure the continuation of electricity supply from Nokias generators, Finnish Rubber Works acquired the business of the insolvent company. In 1922, Finnish Rubber Works acquired Finnish Cable Works. In 1937, Verner Weckman, a sport wrestler and Finlands offset printing Olympic Gold medalist, became president of Finnish Cable Works, after 16 years as its technical director. After World War II, Finnish Cable Works supplied cables to t he Soviet Union as part of Finlands war reparations. This gave the company a good footing for later trade. The trine companies, which had been together with owned since 1922, were merged to form a refreshful industrial conglomerate, Nokia tummy in 1967 and paved the way for Nokias future as a global corporation. The young company was involved in many industries, producing at one time or a nonher paper products, car and bicycle tires, footwear (including rubber boots), communications cables, televisions and other consumer electronics, personalcomputers, electricity generation machinery, robotics, capacitors, military communications and equipment (such as the SANLA M/90 thingumajig and the M61 gas mask for the Finnish Army), plastics, aluminium and chemicals. Each business unit had its own director who describe to the showtime Nokia Corporation President, Bjrn Westerlund. As the president of the Finnish Cable Works, he had been trustworthy for setting up the companys first el ectronics department in 1960, sowing the seeds of Nokias future in telecommunications. Eventually, the company decided to leave consumer electronics behind in the 1990s and foc utilise solely on the fastest starting segments in telecommunications. Nokian Tyres, manufacturer of tires, split from Nokia Corporation to form its own company in 1988 and two years later Nokian Footwear, manufacturer of rubber boots, was founded. During the rest of the 1990s, Nokia divested itself of all of its non-telecommunications businesses.1967 to 2000The seeds of the genuine incarnation of Nokia were planted with the founding of the electronics section of the cable division in 1960 and the production of its first electronic device in 1962 a pulse analyzer de sign(a) for use in nuclear power plants. In the 1967 fusion, that section was separated into its own division, and began manufacturing telecommunications equipment. A key CEO and subsequent Chairman of the jump on was vuorineuvos Bjrn Nalle We sterlund (19122009), who founded the electronics department and let it prevail at a deprivation for 15 years.First winding phonesThe Mobira Cityman 150, Nokias NMT-900 planetary phone from 1989 (left), compared to the Nokia 1100 from 2003. The Mobira Cityman line was launched in 1987. The technologies that preceded modern cellular diligent telephony administrations were the various 0G pre-cellular meandering(a) radio telephony standards. Nokia had been producing commercial and some military wandering(a) radio communications engineering since the 1960s, although this part of the company was change some time before the later company rationalization. Since 1964, Nokia had pay offed hemorrhagic fever radio simultaneously with SaloraOy. In 1966, Nokiaand Salora started developing the ARP standard (which stands for Autoradiopuhelin, or car radio phone in English), a car-based active radio telephony agreement and the first commercially operated general mobile phone network in Finland. It went online in 1971 and offered 100% coverage in 1978. In 1979, the merger of Nokia and Salora resulted in the plaque of Mobira Oy. Mobira began developing mobile phones for the NMT (Nordic mobile Telephony) network standard, the first-generation, first fully automatic cellular phone system that went online in 1981. In 1982, Mobira introduced its first car phone, the Mobira Senator for NMT-450 networks. Nokia bought Salora Oy in 1984 and now owning 100% of the company, changed the companys telecommunications stage name to Nokia-MobiraOy. The Mobira Talkman, launched in 1984, was one of the worlds first transportable phones. In 1987, Nokia introduced one of the worlds first handheld phones, the Mobira Cityman 900 for NMT-900 networks (which, compared to NMT-450, offered a better signal, yet a shorter roam). While the Mobira Senator of 1982 had weighed 9.8 kg (22 lb) and the Talkman incisively under 5 kg (11 lb), the Mobira Cityman weighed only 800 g (28 oz) with the battery and had a price tag of 24,000 Finnish marks (approximately 4,560). patronage the high price, the first phones were almost snatched from the sales assistants hands. Initially, the mobile phone was a yuppie product and a status symbol. Nokias mobile phones got a big publicity boost in 1987, when Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev was pictured using a Mobira Cityman to make a call from Helsinki to his communications subgenus Pastor in Moscow. This led to the phones nickname of the Gorba. In 1988, Jorma Nieminen, resigning from the post of CEO of the mobile phone unit, along with two other employees from the unit, started a notable mobile phone company of their own, Benefon Oy (since renamed to GeoSentric). One year later, Nokia-Mobira Oy became Nokia Mobile visits.Involvement in GSMNokia was one of the key developers of GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), the second-generation mobile engineering which could be given data as well as vocalise traffic. NMT (Nordic Mobi le Telephony), the worlds first mobile telephony standard that enabled international roaming, provided valuable experience for Nokia for its close participation in developing GSM,which was adopted in 1987 as the wise European standard for digital mobile engineering science. Nokia delivered its first GSM network to the Finnish operator Radiolinja in 1989. The worlds first commercial GSM call was made on 1 July 1991 in Helsinki, Finland over a Nokia-supplied network, by then Prime Minister of Finland HarriHolkeri, using a figure of speech Nokia GSM phone. In 1992, the first GSM phone, the Nokia 1011, was launched. The model subroutine refers to its launch date, 10 November. The Nokia 1011 did not yet employ Nokias characteristic ringtone, the Nokia tune. It was introduced as a ringtone in 1994 with the Nokia 2100 series. GSMs high-quality voice calls, easy international roaming and support for sensitive inspection and repairs like text message (SMS) laid the foundations for a w orldwide boom in mobile phone use. GSM came to dominate the world of mobile telephony in the 1990s, in mid-2008 accounting for about three billion mobile telephone subscribers in the world, with more than 700 mobile operators across 218 countries and territories. New connections are added at the rate of 15 per second, or 1.3 trillion per day.Challenges of growthThe Nokia House, Nokias head office located by the Gulf of Finland in Keilaniemi,Espoo, was constructed between 1995 and 1997. It is the workplace of more than 1,000 Nokia employees. In the 1980s, during the era of its CEO Kari Kairamo, Nokia expanded into new fields, mostly by acquisitions. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the corporation ran into serious financial problems, a major reason being its heavy losses by the television manufacturing division and businesses that were good too diverse. These problems, and a suspected totalburnout, probably contributed to Kairamo taking his own life in 1988. After Kairamos death, SimoVuorilehto became Nokias Chairman and CEO. In 19901993, Finland underwent severe economic depression, which also struck Nokia. Under Vuorilehtos management, Nokia was severely overhauled. The company responded by streamlining its telecommunications divisions, and by divesting itself of the television and PC divisions. Probably the most in-chief(postnominal) strategical change in Nokias history was made in 1992, however, when the new CEO JormaOllila made a crucial strategic decision to concentrate solely ontelecommunications. Thus, during the rest of the 1990s, the rubber, cable and consumer electronics divisions were gradually sold as Nokia keep to divest itself of all of its non-telecommunications businesses. As late as 1991, more than a quarter of Nokias disorder still came from sales in Finland. However, after the strategic change of 1992, Nokia saw a huge subjoin in sales to North the States, South America and Asia. The exploding worldwide popularity of mobile telephon es, beyond even Nokias most optimistic predictions, ca employ a logistics crisis in the mid-1990s. This prompted Nokia to overhaul its entire logistics operation. By 1998, Nokias focus on telecommunications and its early investment in GSM technologies had made the company the worlds largest mobile phone manufacturer, a position it would hold for the next 14 consecutive years until 2012. Between 1996 and 2001, Nokias turnover change magnitude almost fivefold from 6.5 billion euros to 31 billion euros. Logistics continues to be one of Nokias major advantages over its rivals, along with greater economies of scale.2000 to 2012 (October)Product sparesReduction in size of Nokia mobile phonesEvolution of the Nokia Communicator. Models 9000, 9110, 9210, 9300 and 9500 shown. Nokia launched its Nokia 1100 handset in 2003, with over 200 zillion units shipped, was the best-selling mobile phone of all time and the worlds top-sellingconsumer electronics product.Nokia was one of the first prev ailers in the mobile space to recognize that there was a market opportunity in combining a game console and a mobile phone (both of which many gamers were carrying in 2003) into the N-Gage. The N-Gage was a mobile phone and game console meant to lure gamers away from the Game Boy Advance, though it cost twice as much. In May 2007, Nokia released its first touch natural covering phone, the Nokia 7710, which was also a huge mastery. In November 2007, Nokia denote and released the Nokia N82, its first Nseries phone withXenon flash. At the Nokia World conference in celestial latitude 2007, Nokia announced their Comes With Music program Nokia device buyers are to receive a year of complimentary admission price to music downloads. The answer became commercially available in thesecond half of 2008. Nokia Productions was the first ever mobile filmmaking project directed by Spike Lee. Work began in April 2008, and the film premiered in October 2008. In 2008, Nokia released the Nokia E 71 which was marketed to instantly compete with the other BlackBerry-type devices offering a full qwerty keyboard and cheaper prices. Nokia announced in August 2009 that they go away be selling a high-end Windows-based mini laptop called the Nokia Booklet 3G. On 2 phratry 2009, Nokia launched two new music and social networking phones, the X6 and X3. The Nokia X6 features 32GB of on-board memory with a 3.2 finger touch interface and comes with a music playback time of 35 hours. The Nokia X3 is a first series 40 Ovi monetary fund-enabled device. The X3 is a music device that comes with stereo speakers, built-in FM radio, and a 3.2 megapixel camera. On 10 September 2009, Nokia unveiled the 7705 Twist, a phone sporting a square shape that swivels open to reveal a full QWERTY keypad, featuring a 3 megapixel camera, web browsing, voice commands and weighting around 3.44 ounces (98 g). On 9 August 2012, Nokia launched for the Indian market two new Asha mould of handsets equipped wit h cloud accelerated Nokia browser, helping users browse the Internet faster and put down their spend on data charges. SymbianThe Nokia N8 smartphone is the worlds first Symbian3device, and the first Nokia smartphone to feature a 12megapixel autofocus lens. Originally Nokia phones had a custom Nokia OS in operation(p) system developed specifically for Nokia mobile phones. The first Nseries device, the N90, utilised the older Symbian OS8.1 mobile operate(a) system, as did the N70. Subsequently Nokia switched to using SymbianOS 9 for all later Nseries devices (except the N72, which was based on the N70). Newer Nseries devices incorporate newer revisions of Symbian OS 9 that include Feature Packs. The N800, N810, N900, N9 and N950 are as of April 2012 the only Nseries devices (therefore excluding Lumia devices) to not use Symbian OS. They use the Linux-based Maemo. Nokia stated that Maemo would be developed alongside Symbian. Maemo had since (Maemo 6 and beyond) merged with Intels M oblin, and became MeeGo. MeeGo was later bottomlandceled and a development is now continue under nameTizen. The Nokia N8 is the first device to function on the Symbian3mobile operating system. Nokia revealed that the N8 pass on be the last device in its flagship N-series devices to ship with Symbian OS.Instead, Nokia testament use Microsoft Windows earpiece for its high-end flagship Lumia devices, and revealed the Nokia N9 allow for function on the MeeGo mobile operating system. wholeiance with MicrosoftMarket share of Symbian, Windows Mobile and Windows Phone 7 among US smartphone owners from Q1 2011 to Q2 2012 according to Nielsen Company. On 11 February 2011, Nokias CEO Stephen Elop, a former head of Microsoft business division, unveiled a new strategic alliance with Microsoft, and announced it would replace Symbian and MeeGo with Microsofts Windows Phone operating system except for mid-to-low-end devices, which would continue to run under Symbian. Nokia was also to invest i nto the Series 40 platform and release a single MeeGo product in 2011. As part of the restructuring plan, Nokia planned to reduce spending on research and development, instead customising and enhancing the software system line for Windows Phone 7. Nokias applications and content set up (Ovi) becomes integrated into the Windows Phone Store, and Nokia Maps is at the heart of Microsofts Bing and AdCenter. Microsoft provides developer tools to Nokia to replace the Qtframework, which is not supported by Windows Phone 7 devices. Symbian became described by Elop as a franchise platform with Nokia be after to sell 150 trillion Symbian devices after the alliance was set up. MeeGo strain was on longer-term exploration, with plans to ship a MeeGo-related product later in 2012. Microsofts search engine, Bing was to become the search engine for all Nokia phones. Nokia also intended to get some level of customization on WP7. After this announcement, Nokias share price fell about 14%, its big gest drop since July 2009. As Nokia was the largest mobile phone and smartphone manufacturer worldwide at the time, it was suggested the alliance would make Microsofts Windows Phone 7 a impregnableer contender a boostst humanoid and iOS. Because previously increasing sales of Symbian smartphones began to fall rapidly in the beginning of 2011, Nokia was overtaken by apple as the worlds biggest smartphone maker by volume in June 2011. In August 2011 Chris Weber, head of Nokias subsidiary in the U.S., stated The reality is if we are not successful with Windows Phone, it doesnt matter what we do (elsewhere). He further added North America is apriority for Nokia () because it is a key market for Microsoft. Nokia report well above 1 million sales for its Lumia line up to 26 January 2012, 2 million sales for the first quarter of 2012, and 4 million for the second quarter of 2012. In this quarter, Nokia only sold 600000 smartphones (Symbian and Windows Phone 7) in North America. For comp arison, Nokia sold more than 30 million Symbian devices world-wide still in Q4 2010 and the Nokia N8 simply sold almost 4 million in its first quarter of sale. In Q2 2012, 26 million iPhonesand 105 million Android phones have been shipped, but only 6.8 million devices with Symbian and 5.4 million with Windows Phone. While announcing an alliance with Groupon, Elop declared The competition is not with other device manufacturers, its with Google. European carriers have stated that Nokia Windows phones are not good enough to compete with orchard apple tree iPhone or Samsung Galaxy phones, that they are overpriced for what is not an innovative product and that No one comes into the store and asks for a Windows phone. In June 2012, Nokia chairman Risto Siilasmaa told journalists that Nokia had a back-up plan in the eventuality that Windows Phone failed to be sufficiently successful in the market. On October 29, 2012, Nokia verbalize its high-end Lumia 820 and 920 phones, which forget r un on Microsofts Windows Phone 8 software, will reach first operators and retail outlets in some European markets including France and Britain and later in Russia and Germany as well as other assume markets.Re organisationsNokia opened its Komrom, Hungary mobile phone factory on 5 May 2000. In swear out 2007, Nokia signed a memorandum with Cluj County Council, Romania to open a new plant near the city in Jucu commune. lamentable the production from the Bochum, Germany factory to a low wage country stoold an uproar in Germany. Nokia recently move its North American Headquarters to Sunnyvale. In April 2003, the troubles of the networks equipment division caused the corporation to resort to similar streamlining practices on that side, including layoffs and organisational restructuring. This diminished Nokias public image in Finland, and produced a number of court cases and an episode of a documentary television show critical of Nokia. On February 2006, Nokia and Sanyo announced a memorandum of understanding to create a joint ventureaddressing the CDMA handset business. But in June, they announced ending negotiations without agreement. Nokia also stated its decision to pull out of CDMA research and development, to continue CDMA business in selected markets. In June 2006, Jorma Ollila left his position as CEO to become the chairman of Royal Dutch Shell and to give way for Olli-PekkaKallasvuo. In May 2008, Nokia announced on their annual stockholder meeting that they want to shift to the Internet business as a whole. Nokia no longer wants to be seen as the telephone company. Google, orchard apple tree and Microsoft are not seen as natural competition for their new image but they are considered as major significant players to negociate with. In November 2008, Nokia announced it was ceasing mobile phone distribution in Japan. Following early December, distribution of Nokia E71 is cancelled, both from NTT docomo and Soft Bank Mobile. Nokia Japan retains global research & development programs, sourcing business, and an MVNO venture of Vertu opulence phones, using docomos telecommunications network. In February 2012, Nokia announced it was laying off 4000 employees to move manufacturing from Europe and Mexico to Asia. In March 2012, Nokia announced it was laying off 1000 employs from its Salo, Finland factory to focus on software.AcquisitionsThe Nokia E55 from the business segment of the Eseries range On 22 September 2003, Nokia acquired Sega.com, a branch of Sega which became the major basis to develop the Nokia N-Gage device. On 8 August 2006, Nokia and Loudeye Corp. announced that they had signed an agreement for Nokia to acquire online music distributor Loudeye Corporation for approximately US $60 million. The company has been developing this into an online music service in the hope of using it to generate handset sales. The service, launched on 29 August 2007, is aimed to rival iTunes. Nokia completed the acquisition on 16 October 200 6. In July 2007, Nokia acquired all assets of Twango, the comprehensive media sharing solution for organizing and sharing photos, videos and other personal media. In September 2007, Nokia announced its heading to acquire Enpocket, a supplier of mobile advertising technology and services. In October 2007, pending shareholder and regulatory approval, Nokia bought Navteq, a U.S.-based supplier of digital mapping data, for aprice of $8.1 billion. Nokia finalized the acquisition on 10 July 2008. In September 2008, Nokia acquired OZ Communications, a privately held company with approximately 220 employees headquartered in Montreal, Canada. On 24 July 2009, Nokia announced that it will acquire certain assets of cellity, a privately owned mobile software company which employs 14 populate in Hamburg, Germany. The acquisition of cellity was completed on 5 August 2009. On 11 September 2009, Nokia announced the acquisition of certain assets of Plum Ventures, Inc, a privately held company whic h employed approximately 10 bulk with main offices in Boston, mom. Plum will complement Nokias Social Location services. On 28 March 2010, Nokia announced the acquisition of Novarra, the mobile web browser firm from Chicago. Terms of the deal were not disclosed. Novarra is a privately held company based in Chicago, IL and provider of a mobile browser and service platform and has more than 100 employees. On 10 April 2010, Nokia announced its acquisition of MetaCarta, whose technology was planned to be used in the area of local search, particularly involving location and other services. fiscal details of acquisition were not disclosed. Nokia has acquired Smarterphone in 2012. Also Nokia acquired Scalado in 2012.Financial difficulties and restructuringLAmid falling sales, Nokia affix a loss of 368 million euros for Q2 2011, while in Q2 2010 had still a profit of 227 million euros. On September 2011, Nokia has announced it will lose another 3,500 jobs worldwide, including the closure of its Cluj factory in Romania. On 8 February 2012 Nokia Corp. express to cut around 4,000 jobs at smartphone manufacturing plants in Europe by the end of 2012 to move assembly circumferent to component supplier in Asia. It plans to cut 2,300 of the 4,400 jobs in Hungary, 700 out of 1,000 jobs in Mexico, and 1,000 out of 1,700 factory jobs in Finland. On 14 June 2012, Nokia announced to cut 10,000 jobs globally by the end of 2013 and shut production and research sites in Finland, Germany and Canada inline with continues loss and the stock fell to the lowest since 1996. Today, Nokias market value is below $10 billion. In total, according to actualized and planned laid-offs Nokia will have laid off 24,500 employees by the end of 2013. Nokia has already laid off 7,000 employees in the first stage 4,000 staff and transferred also 3,000 to services firm Accenture. Nokia also closed itsfactory in Cluj, Romania that falld the workforce by 2,000 employees, and restructured the Location & Commerce business unit that decreased the workforce by 1,200 employees. In February 2012, Nokia unveiled a plan to cut 4,000 more jobs at its plants in Finland, Hungary and Mexico as it moves smartphone assembly work to Asia. The most recent plan is to cut further 10,000 jobs globally by the end of 2013. Nokia had 66,267 personnel in its Devices & religious services, NAVTEQ and unified Common Functions units combined, this has been calculated by subtracting the personnel of Nokia entropy Networks from the total personnel of Nokia Group based on the full year report of 2010. Therefore, the personnel would decrease by approximately 36 percent by the end of 2013 when compared to the end of 2010 that best depicts the lay-offs that have resulted from the dodging change in February 2011 and competition in the central mobile phone business units recently. On 18 June 2012 Moodys downgraded Nokia rating to junk. Nokia CEO admitted on 28 June 2012 that companys inability to call rapid changes in mobile phone industry was one of the major reasons for the problems company was facing. On 4 May 2012, a group of Nokia investors filled a class action against the company as a result of disappointing sales of Nokia phones running on the Windows Phone platform. On 22 August 2012, it was reported that a group of Finnish Nokia investors were considering gathering signatures for the removal of Elop as CEO.OperationsNokia House, Nokias headquarters in Keilaniemi, Espoo, Finland In 2011 Nokia had 130,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in more than 150 countries, global annual receipts of over 38 billion, and operating loss of 1 billion.1 It was the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones in 2011, with global device market share of 23% in the second quarter. The Nokia explore Center, founded in 1986, is Nokias industrial research unit consisting of about 500 researchers, engineers and scientists it has sites in seven countries Finland, China, India, Kenya,Switzerland , the fall in Kingdom and the social united States. Besides its research centers, in 2001 Nokia founded (and owns) INdT Nokia Institute of Technology, a R&D institute located in Brazil. Nokia ope evaluate a total of 9 manufacturingfacilities located at Salo, Finland Manaus, Brazil Cluj, Romania Beijing and Dongguan, ChinaKomrom, Hungary Chennai, India Reynosa, Mexico and Changwon, South Korea. Nokias industrial design department is headquartered in Soho in London, UK with significant satellite offices in Helsinki, Finland and Calabasas, California in the US. Nokia is a public limited-liability company listed on the Helsinki, capital of Kentucky, and New York stock exchanges. Nokia plays a very(prenominal) large theatrical role in the economy of Finland. It is an important employer in Finland and several small companies have freehanded into large ones as its partners and subcontractors. In 2009 Nokia contributed 1.6% to Finlands GDP, and accounted for about 16% of Finlands expo rts in 2006.DivisionsSince 1 July 2010, Nokia comprises three business groups Mobile Solutions, Mobile Phones and Markets. The three units receive operational support from the Corporate Development Office, led by Kai istm, which is also responsible for exploring corporate strategic and future growth opportunities. On 1 April 2007, Nokias Networks business group was combined with mhos carrier-related operations for fixed and mobile networks to form Nokia reciprocal ohm Networks, jointly owned by Nokia and sec and consolidated by Nokia. Mobile SolutionsThe Nokia N900, a Maemo 5 Linux based mobile Internet device and touchscreen smartphone from Nokias Nseries portfolio. Mobile Solutions is responsible for Nokias portfolio ofsmartphones and mobile computers, including the more expensive multimedia and enterprise-class devices. The team is also responsible for a suite of internet services under the Ovi brand, with a strong focus on maps and navigation, music, messaging andmedia. This unit is led by AnssiVanjoki, along with TeroOjanper (for Services) and Alberto Torres (forMeeGo Computers). Mobile PhonesMobile Phones is responsible for Nokias portfolio of affordable mobile phones, as well as a range of services that population can access with them, headed by Mary T. McDowell. This unit provides the general public withmobile voice and data products across a range of devices, including high-volume, consumer oriented mobile phones. The devices are based on GSM/EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA andCDMA cellular technologies. At the end of the year 2007, Nokia managed to sell almost 440 million mobile phones which accounted for 40% of all global mobile phones sales. In 2011, Nokias market share in the mobile phone market had dropped to 27% (417 million phones). Anssi Vanjoki resigned a few days before Nokia World 2010 and under new leadership team Jo Harlow will look into the affairs of Smartphones portfolio. On 27 April 2011, The Register reported that Nokia was secretly developing a new operating system called Meltemi aiming at the low-end market. It was believed it would be replacing the S30 and S40 operating systems. Due to low-end market customers demand of having smartphone features in their feature phone, the OS would have included some features exclusive to high-end smartphones. On 26 July 2012, it was announced that Nokia had woebegone the Meltemi project as a cost-cutting measure. MarketsThe flagship Nokia store in Sao Paulo, BrazilMarkets is responsible for Nokias supply chains, sales channels, brand and selling functions of the company, and is responsible for delivering mobile solutions and mobile phones to the market. The unit is headed by NiklasSavander.SubsidiariesNokia has numerous subsidiaries. The largest in term of revenues is Navteq, a Chicago, Illinois-based provider of digital map data and location-based content and services for automotive navigation systems, mobile navigation devices, Internet-based mapping applications, and government and business solutions. Navteq was acquired by Nokia on 1 October 2007. Navteqs map data is part of the Nokia Maps online service where users can download maps, use voice-guided navigation and other context-aware web services. Nokia Maps is part of the Ovi brand of Nokias Internet based online services. Other notable subsidiaries include, but are not limited to Vertu, a British-based manufacturer and retailer of luxury mobile phones Qt Software, a Norwegian-based software company, and OZ Communications, a consumer e-mail and instant messaging provider. Until 2008 Nokia was the major shareholderin Symbian Limited, a software development and licensing company that produced Symbian OS, a smartphone operating system used by Nokia and other manufacturers. In 2008 Nokia acquired Symbian Ltd and, along with a number of other companies, created the Symbian Foundation to move on the Symbian platform royalty free and asopen source. Nokia randomness Networks B.V. is a multinational data netw orking and telecommunications equipment company headquartered in Espoo, Finland and a joint venture between Nokia (50.1%) and Siemens (49.9%). It is the worlds ordinal-largest telecoms equipment manufacturer measured by 2011 revenues (after Ericsson, Huawei and Alcatel-Lucent). Nokia Siemens Networks has operations in around 150 countries. The creation of Nokia Siemens Networks was announced on 19 June 2006, when Nokia and Siemens announced that they would merge their mobile and fixed-line phone network equipment businesses. The Nokia Siemens Networks brand identity was subsequently launched at the 3GSM World Congress in Barcelona in February 2007. Nokia Siemens Networks provides wireless and fixed network infrastructure, communications and networks service platforms, as well as professional services to operators and service providers. Nokia Siemens Networks focuses in GSM, EDGE, 3G/W-CDMA and WiMAX radio access networks core networks with increasing IP and multiaccess capabilities and services.Corporate affairsCorporate governanceThe control and management of Nokia is divided among the shareholders at a general meeting and the Nokia Leadership team, under the direction of the Board of Directors. The Chairman and the rest of the Nokia Leadership Team members are appointed by the Board of Directors. Only the Chairman of the Nokia Leadership Team can belong to both, the Board of Directors and the Nokia Leadership Team. The Board of Directors committees consist of the Audit Committee, the Personnel Committee and the Corporate Governance and Nomination Committee. The operations of the company are managed within the framework set by the Finnish Companies Act, Nokias Articles of Association and Corporate Governance Guidelines, and related Board of Directors adopted charters. argumentationNokia is a public limited liability company and is the oldest company listed under the same name on the Helsinki Stock replacement, having been listed since 1915. Nokia has had a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange since 1994. Nokia shares were delisted from the London Stock Exchange in 2003, the Paris Stock Exchange in 2004, the Stockholm Stock Exchange in 2007 and the Frankfurt Stock Exchange in 2012. In 2007, Nokia had a market capitalisation of 110 billion by May 2012 this had fallen to 14.8 billion.Financial resultsFor fiscal Q2 2011 ending in June 2011, Nokia reported a net loss of 492 million, despite a 430 million payment from orchard apple tree. Nokia cited decline in its mobile phone business as the primary cause of the loss. In Q1 2012 results were bleak. Nokia lost 1.34 billion. Revenue is down almost a third from a year ago. By May 2012, Nokia share price had fallen 37.5 percent since the beginning of the year, and was down 61 percent in the last year.Corporate cultureNokias prescribed corporate culture manifesto, The Nokia Way, emphasises the renovate and flexibility of decision-making in a flat, networked organization, although the corporations size necessarily imposes a certain nub of bureaucracy. The formalised business language of Nokia is English. All documentation is written in English, and is used in official intra-company spoken communication and e-mail. Until May 2007, the Nokia Values were Customer Satisfaction, Respect, Achievement, and Renewal. In May 2007, Nokia redefined its value after initiating a series of discussions worldwide as to what the new values of the company should be. Based on the employee suggestions, the new values were defined as Engaging You, Achieving Together, Passion for Innovation and Very Human.Online services1) .mobi and the Mobile WebNokia was the first proponent of a go by Level Domain (TLD) specifically for the Mobile Web and, as a result, was instrumental in the launch of the .mobi domain name extension in September 2006 as an officialbacker. Since then, Nokia has launched the largest mobile portal, Nokia.mobi, which receives over 100 million visits a month. It followed that with the launch of a mobile Ad Service to cater to the growing demand for mobile advertisement. 2) OviNokia Ovi logo.Ovi, announced on 29 August 2007, is the name for Nokias umbrella concept Internet services. Centered on Ovi.com, it is marketed as a personal dashboard where users can share photos with friends, download music, maps and games directly to their phones and access third-party services like YahoosFlickr photo site. It has some logical implication in that Nokia is moving deeper into the world of Internet services, where head-on competition with Microsoft, Google and apple is inevitable. The services offered through Ovi include the Ovi Store (Nokias application store), the Nokia Music Store, Nokia Maps, Ovi Mail, the N-Gage mobile gaming platform available for several S60smartphones, Ovi region, Ovi Files, and Contacts and Calendar. The Ovi Store, the Ovi application store was launched in May 2009. Prior to opening the Ovi Store, Nokia integrated its softwa re Download store, the stripped-down MOSH alluviation and the widget service WidSets into it. On 23 March 2010, Nokia announced launch of its online magazine called the Nokia Ovi. The 44-page magazine contains articles on products by Nokia, what Ovi stands for, tips and tricks on the usage of Nokia mini laptop Booklet 3G, latest reviews of mobile applications, news about the mobile makers services and apps such as Ovi maps, files and mail. Users can download the magazine as a PDF or view it online from the Nokia website. 3) My NokiaNokia offers a free personalized service to Nokia owners called My Nokia (located at my.nokia.com). Registered My Nokia users can get free services as follows Tips & tricks alerts through web, e-mail and also mobile text message. My Nokia Backup A free online backup service for mobile contacts, calendar logs and also various other files. This service unavoidably GPRS connection. Ringtones, wallpapers, screensavers, games and other things can be download ed free of cost. 4) Comes With MusicIn 2007 Nokia set up their Nokia Comes With Music service, in partnershipwith Universal Music Group International, Sony BMG, Warner Music Group, EMI, and hundreds of independent labels and music aggregators, to allow 12, 18, or 24 months of unlimited free-of-charge music downloads with the purchase of a Nokia Comes With Music edition phone. Files could be downloaded on mobile devices or personal computers, and kept permanently. In January 2011 Nokia withdrew this program in 27 countries, due to its failure to gain hold with customers or mobile network operators existing subscribers could continue to download until their contracts ended. The service continued to be offered in China, India, Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey and South Africa where take-up had been better. 5) Nokia MessagingOn 13 August 2008 Nokia launched a beta release of Nokia Email service, a push e-mail service, since combine into Nokia Messaging. Nokia Messaging operates as a centrali sed, hosted service that acts as a proxy between the Nokia Messaging client and the users e-mail server. The phone does not connect directly to the e-mail server, but instead sends e-mail credentials to Nokias servers. IMAP is used as the protocol to transfer emails between the client and the server. logotypesNokia Company logo. Founded in Tampere in 1865, incorporated in Nokia in 1871.The brand logo of Finnish Rubber Works, founded in Helsinki in 1898. Logo from 1965 to 1966.The Nokia Corporation arrows logo, used before the Connecting thronglogo. Used since 1967 until 1991.Nokia introduced its Connecting People advertising slogan, coined by Ove Strandberg and used since 1992. This former version of the slogan used Times Roman SC (Small Caps) font.Nokias current logo used since 2006, with the redesigned Connecting People slogan. This slogan originally used Nokias proprietary Nokia Sansfont, designed by Erik Spiekermann. This was replaced in 2011 with the Nokia plain font designe d by Dalton Maag.Environmental recordElectronic products such as cell phones pertain the environment both during production and after their useful life when they are discarded and turned into electronic waste. Nokia is listed in Greenpeaces Guide to Greener Electronics that scores leading electronics manufacturers according to their policies on back upability, climate and dynamism and how one thousand their products are. In November 2011 Nokia ranked 3rd out of 15 listed electronics companies, falling two places due to its weaker performance on the Energy criteria and scoring 4.9/10. All of Nokias mobile phones are free of toxic polyvinyl chloride (PVC) since the end of 2005 and all new models of mobile phones and accessories launched in 2010 are on track to be free of brominated compounds, chlorinated flame retardants and antimony trioxide. Nokias voluntary take-back programme to recycle old mobile phones spans 84 countries with almost 5,000 collection points. However, the rec ycle rate of Nokia phones was only 35% in 2008, according to a global consumer survey released by Nokia. The majority of old mobile phones are simply lying in drawers at pedestal and very few old devices, about 4%, are being thrown into landfill and not recycled. All of Nokias new models of chargers meet or exceed the Energy Star requirements. Nokia aims to reduce its carbon dioxide emissions by at least 18 percent in 2010 from a baseline year of 2006 and cover 50 percent of its energy needs through renewable energy sources. Greenpeace is challenging the company to use its figure out at the political level as number 85 on the Fortune 500 to counselor for climate legislation and call for global greenhouse gas emissions to peak by 2015. Nokia is researching the use of recycled plastics in its products, which are currently used only in packaging but not yet in mobile phones. Since 2001, Nokia has provided eco declarations of all its products and since May 2010 provides Eco profiles for all its new products. In an effort to further reduce their environmental impact in the future, Nokia released a new phone concept, Remade, in February 2008. The phone has been constructed of solely recyclable materials. The satellite part of the phone is made from recycled materials such as aluminium cans, plastic bottles, and used car tires. Thescreen is constructed of recycled glass, and the hinges have been created from rubber tires. The interior of the phone is entirely constructed with refurbished phone parts, and there is a feature that encourages energy saving habits by reducing the backlight to the ideal level, which then allows the battery to last longer without frequent charges.ControversiesNSNs provision of intercept content to IranIn 2008, Nokia Siemens Networks, a joint venture between Nokia and Siemens AG, reportedly provided Irans monopoly telecom company with technology that allowed it to intercept the Internet communications of its citizens to an unprecedented degree. The technology reportedly allowed it to use deep packet inspection to read and even change the content of everything from e-mails and Internet phone calls to images and messages on social-networking sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The technology enables authorities to not only block communication but to proctor it to gather information about individuals, as well as transmute it for disinformation purposes, expert insiders told The Wall Street Journal. During the post-election protests in Iran in June 2009, Irans Internet access was reported to have slowed to less than a tenth of its normal speeds, and experts suspected this was due to the use of the interception technology. The joint venture company, Nokia Siemens Networks, asserted in a press release that it provided Iran only with a lawful intercept capability solely for monitoring of local voice calls. Nokia Siemens Networks has not provided any deep packet inspection, web censorship or Internet filtering capability to Iran, it utter. In July 2009, Nokia began to experience a boycott of their products and services in Iran. The boycott was led by consumers sympathetic to the post-election protest movement and targeted at those companies deemed to be collaborating with the Islamic regime. remove for handsets fell and users began shunning SMS messaging.Lex NokiaIn 2009, Nokia heavily supported the passing of a law in Finland that allows companies to monitor their employees electronic communications in cases of suspected information leaking. Contrary to rumors, Nokia denied that thecompany would have considered moving its head office out of Finland if laws on electronic surveillance were not changed. The law was enacted, but with strict requirements for carrying into action of its provisions. As of 2010, the law has become a dead letter no corporation has implemented it. The Finnish media dubbed the name Lex Nokia for this law, named after the Finnish copyright law (the so-called Lex Karpela) a few years back. NokiaApple patent disputeIn October 2009, Nokia filed a lawsuit against Apple Inc. in the U.S. District Court of Delaware citing Apple infringed on 10 of its patents related to wireless communication including data transfer. Apple was quick to respond with a countersuit filed in December 2009 accusing Nokia of 11 patent infringements. Apples General Counsel, Bruce Sewell went a step further by stating, Other companies must compete with us by inventing their own technologies, not just by stealing ours. This resulted in an ugly spat between the two telecom majors with Nokia file another suit, this time with the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC), alleging Apple of infringing its patents in virtually all of its mobile phones, portable music players, and computers. Nokia went on to ask the court to bar all U.S. imports of the Apple products including the iPhone, Mac and the iPod. Apple countersued by filing a complaint with the ITC in January 2010, the details of which are yet to be confirmed. In June 2011, Apple settled with Nokia and concur to an estimated one time payment of $600 million and royalties to Nokia. The two companies also agreed on a cross-licensing patents for some of their patented technologies. Research cooperation with universitiesNokia is actively exploring and engaging in open existence through selective research collaborations with major universities and institutions by sharing resources and leveraging ideas. Major research collaboration is with Tampere University of Technology based in Finland. Current collaborations include Aalto University School of Science and Technology, FinlandcolePolytechniqueFdrale de Lausanne, SwitzerlandETH Zurich, SwitzerlandMassachusetts Institute of Technology, United StatesStanford University, United StatesTampere University of Technology, FinlandTsinghua University, ChinaUniversity of California, Berkeley, United StatesUniversity of Cambridge, United KingdomUniversity of Southern Calif ornia, United StatesAwards and intelligenceThe Brand Trust Report published by Trust Research Advisory has ranked Nokia in the 1st position among the brands in India.FINDINGS AND ANALYSISSWOT AnalysisSWOT Analysis, is a Strategic planning tool used to evaluate the Strengths, weaknesses, Opportunities, and threats involved in a project or in a Business venture. It involves specifying the objective of the business venture or project and identifying the internal and external factors that are comfortable and unfavorable to achieving that objective. SWOT analysis conducts an external and internal scan of nokias business environment it is an important part of the strategic planning process. Environmental factors internal to the firm usually can be sort as strengths (S), or weaknesses (W), and those external to the firm can be classified as opportunities (O) or threats (T). much(prenominal) ananalysis of the strategic environment is referred to as a SWOT analysis. The SWOT analysis pro vides information that is helpful in matching the firms resources and capabilities to the competitive environment in which it operates. As such, it is instrumental in strategy formulation and selection. Strengths of Nokia extensive phone designing capability (Shining example N9 and lumia series) and great product quality reputation. Great price point coverage (Very low to Very High)Supply chain and distribution experience.Two very competitive in-house software platforms in Belle and Meego along with an alliance with Microsoft. Weaknesses of NokiaPoor merchandising skills (excluding few markets like India)Could not use its global presence to create a viable ecosystem. Not able to leverage production and software knowledge to create other product families (Camera and Tablets could have a natural choice) Windows operating system has marginally less number of applications as compared to that of Apples IOS and Googles Android. ThreatsAndroid ecosystem covers all the bases from low to hig h-end price points and has a booming ecosystem. Apples iphone is still a big threat in high-end marketVery bad press coverage and poor image projection by tech media. Huge portion of market share already captured by Googles Android (72.4 percent) and Apples IOS (13.9 percent). OpportunitiesNokia has a great market disruption with N9 Lumia and Asha series and it has a great chance of creating a laughable winning product category. (Example is iphones own small but disruptive start). Symbian belle and upcoming versions of the OS. If nokia keeps the new product introduction fast paced, chances are that Symbian can make a turnaround. QT can help to create a unique app ecosystem for Nokia for Meego, Symbian, Meltemi (upcoming). Windows phone platform has already got all the ingredients for a powerful ecosystem.Major competitorsThe following cell phone companies holding major market share give tight competition to Nokia 1. APPLE Inc.2. Samsung3. Sony4. HTC5. Research in Motion Black Berry 6. ZTE7. LGAccording to IDC, July 26, 2012 The worldwide mobile phone market grew 1%year over year in the second quarter of 2012 (2Q12), as Samsung and Apple shipped almost half of the worlds smartphones. According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) universal Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, vendors shipped 406.0 million units in 2Q12 compared to 401.8 million units in the second quarter of 2011. Samsung and Apple have more than manifold their combined market share over the past two years, which has created more distance between the companies and the competition. Samsung and Apple have quickly become the global smartphone heavyweights though both employ somewhat different approaches to the market, said Kevin Restivo, senior research analyst with IDCs Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker. Samsung employs a shotgun strategy wherein many models are created that cover a wide range of market segments. Apple, in contrast, offers a small number of high-profile models. While both companies have expanded their geographic presence in avocation of market share, the two companies will inevitably come into greater conflict as both try to generate additional gains. Market share gains will be harder to generate, however, if the worldwide smartphone market grows at rates similar to the 42.1% year-over-year rate at which the market increased in 2Q12. This was the lowest growth rate since the fourth quarter of 2009. Vendors shipped 153.9 million smartphones in 2Q12 compared to 108.3 million units in 2Q11. The 42.1% year-over-year growth was one percentage point lower than IDCs forecast of 43.1% for the quarter. The spectre of further economic woes puts growth prospects for the mobile phone market at risk. With half of 2012 behind us, vendors are looking ahead to 2013 and how key markets particularly Europe and emerging markets will play out, said Ramon Llamas, senior research analyst with IDCs Mobile Phone Technology and Trends team. Despite recent maneuvers t o shore up several countries within the Eurozone, the effectiveness of these efforts remains to be seen. Meanwhile, emerging markets will continue to be strong contributors due to their sheer size and growth trajectory, but how much they can offset potential declines in other countries is unclear. Nonetheless, IDC expects long-term mobile phone and smartphone shipment demand to grow steadily in 2012 and through the years ahead due to the central role mobile phones play in peoples lives. For many users, the mobile phone has become the essential communications nexus to others and to the world, noted Llamas.Smartphone Vendor HighlightsSamsung extended its lead over Apple during the second quarter, taking advantage of Apples release schedule and launching its flagship Galaxy S III. In addition, Samsung experienced continued success of its smartphone/tablet hybrid device, the Galaxy Note. As a result, Samsung topped the 50 million unit mark and reached a new quarterly smartphone shipmen t record in a single quarter. What remains to be seen is how the companys smartphones will fare against Apples next-generation iPhone expected later this year. Apple posted an expected sequential decline last quarter, similar to years past. The quarter-over-quarter shipment decline came six months after it unveiled its latest iPhone. The decline is not unusual as iPhone shipment volume is highest in the first two quarters after its release. The companys once-a-year release cycle usually results in two quarters of lower volumes leading up to the next-generation model introduction. Nonetheless, Apple made significant inroads into new markets and segments, including small pieceal carriers and prepaid service providers. Nokia smartphone business underwent another quarter of transition. Demand for Symbian and MeeGo units declined, reaching levels not seen since 2005 though the company almost doubled its Windows Phone shipments from the previous quarter. Nokias Lumia sales were not terr ibly bear on by Microsofts Windows Phone 8 announcement, which will prevent current Lumia owners from upgrading to the new mobile operating system. However, Lumia sales have remained steady and key enhancements available on the new platform will ultimately become available to current Lumia owners. Nokia, however, has a long path to travel before it can reform previous volume levels and challenge Apple and Samsung for smartphone supremacy. HTC rebounded from its struggles in the two previous quarters to reclaim the number 4 spot in the smartphone vendor rankings. Its relatively strong performance in the Asia/Pacific region allowed it to climb back up the rank order as did the correction of its channel inventory issues. The companys streamlined portfolio means future share gains will be predicated upon the success of its One products. ZTE climbed into the smartphone snuff it 5 for the first time thanks primarily to shipments of its lower-cost entry-level smartphones in China, wher e its based. However, the vendor has also grownits international smartphone sales, particularly in the U.S. where its smartphones can be found under other brands. Latin America is another source of significant smartphone growth for the vendor. Despite impressive gains last quarter, brand equity may prove to be an issue for ZTE in future. Strong brand recognition is a necessity if high-growth smartphone sales abroad are a priority for the company.Top Five Smartphone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share, Q2 2012 (Units in Millions) Vendor2Q12 Unit Shipments2Q12 Market Share2Q11 Unit Shipments2Q11 Market ShareYear-over-year ChangeSamsung50.232.6%18.417.0%172.8%Apple26.016.9%20.418.8%27.5%Nokia10.26.6%16.715.4%-38.9%HTC8.85.7%11.610.7%-24.1%ZTE8.05.2%2.01.8%300.0%Others50.732.9%39.236.2%29.3%Total153.9100.0%108.3100.0%42.1%Source IDC Worldwide Mobile Phone Tracker, July 26, 2012Note Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors.Top Five Total Mobile Phone Vendors, Shipments, and Market Share, Q2 2012 (Units in Millions) Vendor2Q12 Unit Shipments2Q12 Market Share2Q11 Unit Shipments2Q11 Market ShareYear-over-year ChangeSamsung97.824.1%75.418.8%29.7%Nokia83.720.6%88.522.0%-5.4%Apple26.06.4%20.45.1%27.5%ZTE17.74.4%16.34.1%8.6%LG Electronics13.13.2%24.86.2%-47.2%Others167.741.3%176.443.9%-4.9%Total406.0100.0%401.8100.0%1.0%Source IDC Worldwide Mobile Phone Tracker, July 26, 2012Note Vendor shipments are branded shipments and exclude OEM sales for all vendors.Marketing strategyAn organizations strategy that combines all of its marketing goals into one comprehensive plan is known as marketing strategy. A good marketing strategy should be drawn from market research and focus on the right product mix in order to achieve the maximum profit potential and sustain the business. The marketing strategy is the foundation of a marketing plan.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONSIn order to diversify its business in to mobile network market, Nokia needs to m ake use of its leading mobile phones manufacturer image. As Nokia has build loyalty among its mobile phone users, it can use this for attracting customers towards its SIM tease and thereby gain market share. Also with its world class R & D department, it can offer many services to its customers which will help them to differentiate in their service offering from its competitors. For instance, video calling, free roaming, outgoing call restriction, etcetera By focusing more on rural market which is untap to a certain extent, Nokia can fill its customers in rural areas which most of the existing players are not successful. Also by offering tailor-make service plans to its customers such as offering SmS package, unlimited internet package, Free Hello tune, and so on with minimum price. Nokia can also make tie-ups with existing players such as Airtel, Vodafone, Aircel in order to gain larger market share. It can also offer better deals to customers who are buying Nokia handsets on its SIM cards which will increase its sales as well as customer base. This will help them to develop loyalty among itscustomers. In order to diversify in to SIM cards segment, Nokia needs to use mass marketing by implementing various promotion strategies such as Advertisements, Hoardings, Sponsoring events, canopies outside colleges and so on. Nokia also needs to plan its distribution strategy in order to reach to maximum people. They can also use their Connecting People tagline in its SIM card, thereby giving additional meaning to it.Thus, to diversify in to SIM card market is a better option for Nokia to increase its market share and revenue. Also this will help them to build larger customer base which will ultimately result in one of the leading brands in the telecommunications industry.http//www.businessdictionary.com/ rendering/marketing-strategy.htmlhttp//www.123helpme.com/view.asp?id=120850http//mktg-plan.blogspot.in/http//money.cnn.com/2011/02/11/technology/nokia_microsoft/i ndex.htm http//bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/11/08/nokias-comeback-strategy-in-smartphones/ http//www.marketingweek.co.uk/brands/nokia/http//iimtmarketing.blogspot.in/2012/03/marketing-mix-nokia.html